Background and Objective: Since mental health problems in children can not only have individual complications and costs but can also affect the family and society, this study aimed to investigate the relationship of quarantine caused by coronavirus with sleep quality, irritability, and self-esteem of primary school students in District one of Karaj, Iran. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this correlational study included all primary school students in District one of Karaj, Iran, who were studying in the second semester of the academic year 2019-20. The total number of students in the first semester of 2019-20 was 4860 cases, and the statistical sample size based on Cochran's formula was estimated at 377 individuals from six schools selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. The data were collected using Coronavirus Quarantine Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire, Irritability Questionnaire, and Self-Esteem Questionnaire. The obtained results were then analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution tables, bar graphs, center orientation indices [e.g., mean], and dispersion indices [e.g., minimum, maximum, and standard deviation]). Results: According to the results of the Pearson correlation coefficient, a positive and significant relationship was observed between quarantine and total self-esteem (0.39) (P<0.01). Therefore, it can be said that the longer quarantine time of individuals leads to a higher level of their total self-esteem. In addition, there was a positive and significant relationship between quarantine and all components of self-esteem, except for academic (educational) self-esteem (P<0.05). Accordingly, a longer time of quarantine in the students results in higher educational self-esteem levels. Among the components of self-esteem, quarantine revealed the strongest and weakest relationships with family self-esteem and academic self-esteem (educational) (P<0.01), respectively. Conclusions: The results showed the relationship of quarantine caused by Coronavirus with sleep quality, irritability, and self-esteem of primary school students in District one of Karaj, Iran.
Background and Objective: Adolescents experiencing body dissatisfaction fall within a group requiring serious attention from therapeutic and educational communities. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of a Healthy Body Image Package (HBIP) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on self-esteem in 12-15-year-old adolescents with body dissatisfaction. Materials and Methods: The study, conducted in three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group, involved 60 adolescents from Isfahan, Iran, high schools in the academic year 2023-2024. Body dissatisfaction was assessed using a 9-item scale from a 68-item Body Areas Satisfaction Scale evaluating individuals’ attitudes toward their body image. The dependent variable, adolescents’ conditional self-esteem, was measured using the Self-esteem Contingency Questionnaire for Adolescents. The intervention groups received eight 90-120-minute sessions of either HBIP or CBT training, while the control group received no intervention. Results: Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test in SPSS-26 software. The results revealed a significant difference in self-esteem between the HBIP and CBT groups compared to the control group (P<0.01). Furthermore, positive self-esteem was higher in the HBIP group than in the CBT group. Conclusions: Considering the positive impact of both interventions on increasing positive self-esteem in adolescents with body dissatisfaction, it is recommended that these interventions be implemented in adolescent psychology centers.
