1 2383-2436 Hamadan University of Medical Sciences 31 Special Cognitive Group Therapy, Stress Management, and Desensitization Through Eye Movement Reprocessing in Reducing Depression Severity Among Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries Hemmati Sabet Akbar b Ashouri Alaleh c Hemmati Mohammad d Amini Daryush e Ahmadpanah Mohammad f b Young Researchers Club, Research and Sceince Branch, Islamic Azad Univesity, Tehran, IR Iran c Department of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, IR Iran d Department of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, IR Iran e Department of Psychology, Farhangian University, Hamadan, IR Iran f Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan IR Iran 1 11 2014 1 2 35 38 14 03 2014 13 04 2014 Background: During the recent decades, there have been two major leaps in treatment of depression using the medication to pacify and relieve depression signs and behavior cognitive therapy. The available evidences emphasize the treatment success with some group training methods including stress management, cognitive group therapy, and eye movement desensitization in reducing depression. Objectives: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of these methods on reducing depression in patients with spinal cord injuries. Patients and Methods: In a quasi-experimental project, 60 patients with spinal cord injuries were recruited and randomly allocated to one of the following treatment groups: stress management, cognitive group therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and no cognitive treatment groups. Depression status and severity was determined using Beck depression inventory. Results: Although baseline depression state was comparable across the study groups, following training, the mean depression score in the groups received eye movement desensitization (14.60 ± 3.15) and stress management (22.66 ± 3.37) were significantly lower than in cognitive group therapy (27.33 ± 4.15) or in no cognitive treatment groups (32.13 ± 1.80) (P < 0.001). Between-group covariate analysis showed superiority of eye movement desensitization method on other treatment methods including stress management and cognitive group therapy (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our study showed higher effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing methods compared with stress management and cognitive group therapy in reducing depression severity in patients with spinal cord injuries.
32 Special Acute and Chronic Effects of 3-4, Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on Pyramidal Cells of Hippocampus Bakhtiar Hesam Shariati Mohamad g Mirzaei Fatemeh h Soleimani Asl Sara i Mosavi Leila j Sohrabi Maryam k g Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran h Department of Anatomy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran i Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran j Department of Pathology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran k Department of Anatomy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran 1 11 2014 1 2 39 42 06 07 2014 03 09 2014 Background: Ecstasy or 3-4, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), as an amphetamine derivate, could lead to learning and memory impairment. Objectives: As the hippocampus is responsible for learning and memory, herein we evaluated acute and chronic effects of MDMA on the structure of the hippocampus. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) received single or multiple injections of MDMA (10 mg/kg, IP). At the end of the study, rats were killed and their brains were removed. Hippocampus sections were prepared to study the structure of hippocampus CA1. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16 software and one-way analysis of variance test. Results: Our findings showed that cell density decreased in MDMA-treated groups in comparison to the intact group. Administration of multiple doses of MDMA significantly decreased the cell number when compared with intact (P < 0.001) and acute (P < 0.01) groups. Conclusions: These data suggest that MDMA treatment caused cell death in CA1, which was more extensive in the chronic treatment group. 33 Special Alzheimer Diseases Madadi Soheila l Mehdizaded Mehdi m l Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran m Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran 1 11 2014 1 2 43 45 26 04 2014 20 05 2014 Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia is accompanied by progressive memory loss and other cognitive functions. The conditionis estimated to affect approximately 36 million people, worldwide (1). AD is characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) deposits, intracellular neurofibrillary tanglesand senile plaques in the cortex, hippocampus, basal forebrain and amygdale (2). Neurofibrillary tangles formation is the result of intracellular fibrillar aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau that is hyperphosphorylated and oxidized. Senile plaques consist of insoluble fibrillar Aβ. It is established that Aβ is formed after sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein and secreted to the extracellular space. It also inhibits hippocampal long-term potentiation and disrupts the synaptic plasticity (3). In addition, Aβ accumulation induces an elevation in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neurons, leading to apoptotic neuronal death in rats and mice (4). Studies showed that the accumulation of Aβ in brain plays an important role in the pathophysiology of AD and a close correlation exits between Aβ procedure and the neurodegeneration process of AD (5). There exists evidence suggesting that memory impairment in AD begins with changes in hippocampal synaptic functions and then gradually progresses to neurodegeneration and neuronal loss in these patients (6). The Aβ-induced damage in hippocampus might underlie some of the AD behavioral deficits. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is one of the most important forms of synaptic plasticity, linked to learning and memory (7). The Aβ makes changes in LTP, in the hippocampus and consequently impairs cognition and memory in rodents (3) and is widely reported to cause lipid peroxidation in brain cell membranes, leading to 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and acrolein formation, both toxic to neurons. These products alter the membrane protein conformation and eventually lead to neuronal death(8). The Aβ initiates free radical processes, resulting in protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, ROS formation and cellular dysfunction, leading to calcium ion accumulation and subsequent neuronal death (9). Pervious experimental studies have shown that Aβ (25-35) induce a wide pattern of central modifications, reminiscent of the human physiopathology, particularly short- and long-term memory deficit, oxidative stress, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, acetylcholine impairment, hippocampus alteration, tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloid burden (10). The deposition of β-amyloid protein in brain is related to learning impairment and cholinergic neuronal degeneration and the β-amyloid protein-treated rats could be used as AD animal models(11). The key brain regions, involved in the Morris water maze (MWM) task navigation, include the striatum, the frontal lobe and especially, the hippocampus (12). The hippocampus structure has a key role in cognition and psychological function. Animal studies have shown that this structure is rapidly and extremely affected by an Aβ fragment injection (Aβ [25-35]) in rats, damaging the structure and function of the hippocampus (13, 14). The hippocampus plays an important role in contextual memory; the hippocampus injuries negatively affect the MVM task performance(15). Nitta et al. showed that the water maze task performance was impaired in β-amyloid-treated rats,and the choline acetyl transferase activity significantly decreased in the frontal cortex and hippocampus (16). Therefore, the β-amyloid protein deposition in brain is believed to be related to learning impairment and cholinergic neuronal degeneration. It also means that β-amyloid protein-treated rats could be used as animal models for AD (11). Moreover, the studies indicated that intracerebroventricular ( ICV) injection of Aβ(25-35),induced impairment in the passive-avoidance and redial-arm maze tasks,in the rat (11). Maurice confirmed the negative effect of ICV injection of Aβ (25-35) on learning in the Y-maze, passive avoidance and water maze tasks (17). The studies also reported that bilateral injection of Aβ (25-35) induced learning deficits in passive- avoidance tasks, in rats (18). The hippocampus has an important role in spatial navigation and consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory. Evidence have suggested that the memory impairment in AD begins with changes in hippocampal synaptic functions and progresses to neurodegeneration and neuronal loss in these patients (19). It has been reported that Aβ administration makes changes in LTP in the hippocampus and consequently leads to cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment in rodents (20). It is clear that oxidative stress plays a role in AD-induced neurotoxicity in the brain. The Aβ enters the bilayer neuronal membrane and generates oxygen-dependent free radicals, causing lipid and protein oxidation (21). Oxidative stress disrupts the blood brain barrier, leading to toxic substances passage to the brain and ultimately, resulting in the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the Aβ deposition activates the acute immune response of microglial cells and astrocytes, leading to production and activation of inflammation-related proteins,including complement factors and cytokines like interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α and therefore leading to synaptic damage, neuronal loss and the activation of other inflammatory participants (9, 22, 23). As mentioned above, oxidative stress, following Aβ,involves development and progression of the AD.Brain is sensitive to oxidative stress, due to low antioxidant and cell membrane lipid levels (24). Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic ROS manifestation and a biological system ability of detoxifying the reactive intermediate molecules or easily repairing the resulting damage. Therefore, the use of an external antioxidant is one of the most common therapeutic strategies for neurotoxicity treatment. Several experimental studies have shown that dietary enrichment with nutritional antioxidant could improve brain damage and cognitive function (25-28). A great number of different spices and aromatic herbs have been used as antioxidants in neurological diseases (29, 30). Antioxidants that prevent the detrimental consequences of Aβ are consequently considered to be a promoting approach to brain neuroprotection in the AD (31). 34 Special Neurocognitive Profile of Children With Reading Disability in Kannada P. Nishanimut Surendranath n Padakannaya Prakash o n Samveda Training and Research Centre, Davangere, India o Department of Psychology, University of Mysore, Mysore, India 1 11 2014 1 2 46 50 30 09 2014 06 11 2014 Background: The present study was based on the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive processes (PASS) theory. Objectives: We hypothesized that there would be significant differences between children with and without reading disability (RD) on PASS components. Furthermore, we predicted that deficits in children with RD would not be uniform across PASS components. Patients and Methods: Children with RD who participated in the study were two grades below the expected reading level for their age but were otherwise normal with respect to intellectual functioning, opportunities, and instructions. The comparison group consisted of age-matched children. Results: Independent-samples t tests (two-tailed) showed significant difference between the groups on all the PASS component subtests. The PASS scores of children with RD were scattered unevenly around the average to well below the average range. Conclusions: Kannada children with RD were particularly poor on simultaneous and successive processing. Our results support the heterogeneity view of RD. 35 Special Frequency of Undergoing Mammogram and Pap Test Among Healthcare Providers in Hospitals of Hamadan Nasrolahi Shahla p Matinnia Nasrin Haghighi Mohammad Seif Rabiei Mohammad Ali Ghahri Saremi Marjan Ghaleiha Ali p Research Center of Endometrium and Endometriosis, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences,Hamadan, IR Iran ; Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Department of Nursing, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, IR Iran ; Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran ; Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran , Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran 1 11 2014 1 2 51 55 30 08 2014 28 10 2014 Background: The Mammograms and Papanicolaou (Pap) test of women aged 25 to 64 years are Iran’s national strategy for breast and cervical cancer screening, respectively. Widespread primary care services are supplied through a network of primary health centers; nonetheless, little is known about breast and cervical cancer screening-related practices among healthcare workers in hospitals. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the frequency of undergoing breast and cervical cancer screening among Iranian healthcare providers. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 460 female healthcare providers from four public hospitals in Hamadan were recruited. Data were collected using a questionnaire, which included socio-demographic characteristics, family history of breast and cervical cancers, and history of undergoing mammography and Pap smear test. Results: The rate of positive family history of breast cancer was 15.6%. The mean age at undergoing the first mammogram was 40.7 ± 3.9 years and the mean number of lifetime mammographies was 1.12 ± 0.33. From 460 women in this study, 42.6% had undergone mammography. Specialist physicians had undergone mammography more frequently than other healthcare providers had done. Only 72 participants (15.6%) had positive family history of breast cancer among which 15 (62.5 %) had undergone mammography. The frequency of undergoing mammography was significantly different among different healthcare providers (χ 2 = 12.16; P = 0.007) and positive family history of breast cancer were significant. A total of 268 cases out of 420 had the positive history of undergoing Pap test. The mean age at undergoing the first screening was 27.9 ± 4.6 years and the mean number of lifetime Pap test was 1.64 ± 0.92. Most of the midwives (88.1%) had undergone Pap test; the rate was 77.8% in specialist physicians, 61.8% in nurses, and 51.7% in general practitioner. Only 14 out of 420 respondents had positive family history of cervical cancer among which 13 (92.9%) had undergone Pap rest. The frequency of undergoing Pap test was significantly different among different healthcare providers (χ2 = 12.16, P = 0.007) and positive family history of cervical cancer among those older than 40 years (χ2 = 7.24, P = 0.02) were significant. Conclusions: Screening for gynecologic cancer is important in early diagnosis and women wellbeing. The acceptance of cancer screening test was low in most of the healthcare providers. The attitude and practice of healthcare provider can affect women’s acceptance of cancer screening test. 36 Special Factors Related to Burglary From the Perspective of Burglars: A Qualitative Study Jalilian Farzad Mirzaei Alavijeh Mehdi Changizi Maryam Ahmadpanah Mohammad Amoei Mohamad Reza Mostafavi Firoozeh Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, IR Iran Abadan College of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Abadan, IR Iran Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Applied Research Bureau of the Police, Kermanshah, IR Iran Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran 1 11 2014 1 2 56 61 30 09 2014 09 11 2014 Background: Among different crimes, burglary is a common criminal attitude that deranges security in society. Objectives: The aim of present study was investigated factors and incentives resulting in commitment of robbery according to prisoners accused of burglary in central prison of Kermanshah Province. Patients and Methods: In a qualitative research based on contractive content analysis, 19 male convict of burglary were studied. They all stated their satisfaction with attending the study and were selected objectively to gain data saturation in Kermanshah Central Prison. Participants went under deep individual interviews. Semi-structured general questions were designed as interview guide to be answered openly and descriptively and sample answers guided its process. All interviews were tape-recorded and transcripts were made later. Data were analyzed and conscious satisfaction, obscurity, information security, withdrawal from participation on will, and moral commitments were confirmed. Results: Five main themes resulted from interviews. Codes included “personal factors, family attitudes and conditions, others' effects, regulations on burglary punishment, and availability of stolen property”. Conclusions: Results from present study introduced several factors in regard of burglary; among these, personal and family factors were the most important. The present study could be a guidance to design proper interventions and introduce efficient measures to prevent burglary commitment among at risk groups. 37 Special Interaction Between L-Type Calcium Channels and Antagonist of Cannabinoid System on Anxiety in Male Rat Komaki Alireza Haghgooyan Aezam Shahidi Siamak Sarihi Abdolrahman Saleh Iraj Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran 1 11 2014 1 2 62 68 10 10 2014 06 11 2014 Background: The elevated plus-maze (EPM) has been broadly used to investigate anxiolytic and anxiogenic compounds. There is little information about the effect of interaction between calcium channels and cannabinoid system on the phenomenon of anxiety. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of acute and chronic coadministration of AM251, as cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, and Verapamil, as L-type Ca2+ channels blocker, on EPM test in rats. Materials and Methods: The data were obtained from male Wistar rat, weighing 220 to 260 g. Animals were allocated to five groups: Control, Verapamil, AM251, acute Verapamil + AM251, and chronic (injection for 8 days) Verapamil + AM251 groups. The percentage of entries into the open arms of the EPM, the time spent in the open arms, and the number of entries into the closed arms during ten minutes was recorded. Results: Intraperitoneally (IP) injection of AM251 before EPM trial decreased open arms exploration and open arm entry. On the other hand, Verapamil increased open arms exploration and open arm entry. Combined injection of Verapamil and AM251 had conflicting effects on the responses of each of these two compounds alone. AM251 and Verapamil had no effects on the number of closed arm entries. Conclusions: IP injection of CB1 receptor antagonist might have an anxiogenic profile in rat, whereas calcium channel blocker attenuated the anxiogenic effect of AM251. Our results suggest that there is an interaction between functions of L-type Ca2+channels and cannabinoid system in anxiety. 38 Special Effect of Lemon Verbena on Memory of Male Rats Veisi Mojgan Shahidi Siamak Komaki Alireza Sarihi Abdolrahman Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran 1 11 2014 1 2 69 72 15 10 2014 06 11 2014 Background: Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) has been known to have various pharmacologic activities. Objectives: Lemon verbena leaves are used to make an herbal tea, which is traditionally used for treating spasms, common cold, severe abdominal pain, indigestion, insomnia, anxiety, and headache. Although it has been known to have various pharmacologic activities, no scientific study has been done to assess its effects yet. In this study aimed to assess the effect of the aqueous extract of lemon verbena on memory of male rats by using the passive avoidance task. Materials and Methods: In this study, Wistar male rats (weight, 180-250 g) were recruited. Aqueous extract of lemon verbena leaves was prepared. A total of 40 Wistar male rats were randomly allocated to five groups (n = 8). Saline for control group and aqueous extract of lemon verbena in four experimental groups were administered intraperitoneally (respectively 10, 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) for seven days. Then passive avoidance learning test was used to evaluate learning and memory. On the seventh day, acquisition test was performed an hour after treatment and the retention test was performed on the next day. Results: Analysis of data showed that in comparison to controls, treatment with the aqueous extract of lemon verbena (≥ 100 mg/kg) had decreased the step-through latency (STL) (P < 0.001). Moreover, treatment of the rats with the extract doses of ≥ 500 mg/kg had increased the total time spent in the dark compartment (TDC) in comparison to controls (P < 0.001). Conclusions: These results indicated that aqueous extract of lemon verbena (≥ 100 mg/kg) has undesirable effects on memory; however, understanding the underling mechanisms needs further investigation.