Volume 7, Issue 3 (August 2020)                   Avicenna J Neuro Psycho Physiology 2020, 7(3): 158-164 | Back to browse issues page


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Tahmacbi B, Zare Bahramabadi M, Izadi M, Abdolhoseini H. Mediating Role of Psychological Capital in Explaining the Relationship between Job Stressors and Burnout among Employees of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Avicenna J Neuro Psycho Physiology 2020; 7 (3) :158-164
URL: http://ajnpp.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-238-en.html
1- Ph.D Candidate, Department of Education Science and Counseling, Faculty of Psychology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Instituete for Research and Development in the Humanitis, SAMT , mz.bahramabadi@gmail.com
3- Assistant Professor Education Department, Psychology Faculty, Islamic Azad University-Central Branch, Tehran, Iran
4- Ph.D in Career Counseling, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Background
Human resources as the most crucial assets of any organization or institution perform a peculiar role in the accomplishment of organizational goals. One of the characteristics of a healthy organization is the value it places on the physical and mental health of its employees for the benefit of production and productivity. nonetheless, numerous jobs often bring employees under psychological pressure, which leads to burnout in the long run. Job stress is recognized as one of the leading causes of burnout. In recent years, stress has increased so dramatically that job stress is called the Black Plague or modern Plague in the present era [1]. The exposure of employees to stress in the workplace is one of these notable changes [2]. Stress as one of the factors affecting employee performance and burnout in organizations has put the health of many employees at risk and emerged as a common and costly issue in the workplace. [3]. Stress derives from the interaction with the environment and occurs at the presence of a mismatch between situational pressures and the resources a person possesses [4]. Job stress occurs when the expectations of the individual are more than his/her powers and abilities [5]. Organizational changes, amount of salary, excessive responsibilities, as well as decreasing or increasing human resources, are among the major sources of job stress. [6]. Based on the related studies, job stress has many negative consequences for employees, such as burnout, job dissatisfaction, and career change. Poor job performance and improper physical conditions, such as hypertension, depression, anxiety, sleep problems, and taking drugs and medications, are among the notable effects of workplace stress. Moreover, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment are other negative outcomes of job stress. [7-10].
Psychological capital is another key factor which is directly correlated with burnout. [11]. The first component of psychological capital is self-efficacy, which involves the confidence of individuals in their abilities to perform the tasks and challenges they face. [12]. These structures have a high potential for change, and individuals can provide the grounds for their growth by various methods in the event of appropriate mental and situational conditions, [13]. In this regard, numerous studies have pointed to a significant and considerable relationship between psychological capital and burnout. Therefore, burnout, which is mainly the result of pressures and workplace stress, can be reduced by increasing the psychological capital  [14-17].
The literature review indicated that the relationship between these structures and burnout has been separately examined and studied. Nevertheless, no study has yet been conducted on the relationship of these structures in a harmonious and unified manner in the form of a model. The issue
of burnout assumes great importance among employees as an influential group of society and the few studies in this field in Iranian society, especially on the employees of Universities of Medical Sciences. Therefore, the results of this study can affect the improvement of micro, macro, educational, social, cultural, and health planning, which in turn, results in the enhancement of community health.
 
Objectives
The present study aimed to model burnout based on job stressors with the mediating role of psychological capital among employees of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences.
 
Materials and Methods
This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. The statistical population consisted of non-faculty employees of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences schools (campus). The sampling method in this study was census so that all employees were enrolled. Data were collected using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Stress Questionnaire, and the Luthans Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ).
 
Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)
This questionnaire is an introspective psychological inventory consisting of 22 items pertaining to occupational burnout developed by Maslach in 1985. The MBI measures three dimensions of burnout: emotional exhaustion (9 items), deperso-nalization (5 items), and personal accomplishment (8 items). Accordingly, in the overall score of burnout, the score below 18 is regarded as no burnout, 19-53 as mild burnout, 54-89 moderate burnout, and 90-108 as severe burnout [18-20]. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire were confirmed in the study carried out by Afshani et al., and the Cronbach's alpha was reported to be 0.88 [21].
 
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Stress Questionnaire
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Stress Questionnaire was constructed by the British Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in 1990 to measure the job stress of workers and employees [22]. The questionnaire consists of 35 questions and 7 domains (demand, control, authorities' support, coworkers' support, relation, role, and change), and its reliability and validity have been confirmed [23]. In Iran, the reliability and validity of this questionnaire were assessed by Azad Marzabadi et al. rendering  Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.78 and a correlation coefficient of 0.65 [23].
 
Luthans Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ)
This questionnaire was designed by Luthans et al. in 2007 to measure psychological capital. It contains 24 items and evaluates 4 components of hope, resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy (6 items in each component). [11]. Moreover, in Iran, Hashemi Nosrat Abad et al. (2011) reported a reliability coefficient of 0.82 using Cronbach's alpha method [24].
To obtain the needed data, the necessary permissions were obtained, and the questionnaires were administered to the employees who were willing to participate in coordination with the officials from different departments of the university. Thereafter, they were given enough time to answer the questions. Finally, after the completion of all questionnaires, the data were entered into the relevant software and analyzed. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to explore the causal relationships among latent variables of job stress, burnout, and psychological capital. In the measurement model of the present study, it was assumed that the latent variable of job stressors by the indicators of role, relation, authorities' support, co-workers' support, control, demand, and change, the latent variable of psychological capital by the indicators of self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism and the latent variable of burnout by the indicators
of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment are measured. In this study, AMOS software (version 24) was used for data analysis, model estimation, model fit test, and causal power; moreover,  SPSS software (version 18) was utilized to describe the data.
 
Results
 
The present study was conducted on 378 participants (182 males and 203 females) with the mean age of 8.85±38.93. The job scope of 152 (39.3%) subjects was administrative/financial, 67 (17.3%) health/ medical, 35 (9%) technical-engineering, 57 (14.7%) services, 46 (11.9%) cultural/educational, and 27 (7.8%) of the participants were in other areas.
As presented in Table 1, the components of role and control of job stressors were positively correlated with all three components (i.e., emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment) of burnout at the level of 0.01. The components of relation, co-workers' support, and changes in job stressors were positively correlated with the components of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization of burnout at the level of 0.01; moreover, they were positively correlated with the component of personal accomplishment at the level of 0.05.
Table 2 represents the fit indices of the initial measurement model and the modified models. The results indicated that the fit indices obtained from confirmatory factor analysis do not support the fitting of the initial measurement model with the collected data (x2/df=4.76, CFI=0.099, AGFI=0.837, GFI=0.886, and RMSEA=0.099). As a result, the measurement model was obtained in five stages by creating a covariance between the indicators of authorities' support, co-workers' support (first stage), relation and demand (second stage), depersonalization and personal accompli-shment (third stage), and demand and change (fourth stage) and finally the fit indices. It demonstrated that the measurement model had an acceptable fit with the collected data (x2/df=3.56, CFI=0.932, AGFI=0.870, GFI=0.915, and RMSEA=0.081).
Table 3 illustrates the total, direct, and indirect path coefficients among the research variables in the structural model. As illustrated in Table 3, the total path coefficient between job stressors and burnout was positive and significant at the level of 0.01 (β=0.523; P<0.01). Moreover, the path coefficient between psychological capital and burnout was negative and significant at the level of 0.01 (β=-0.581; P<0.01). Finally, the indirect path coefficient between job stressors and burnout was positive (β=0.013; P<0.01) and significant at the level of 0.01. Accordingly, the results of the present study
 
Table 1. Correlation coefficients among research variables (n=378)
Research Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1. Job Stressors- Role -                          
2. Job Stressors- Relation 0.45 ** -                        
3. Job Stressors- Authorities' Support 0.44 ** 0.49 ** -                      
4. Job Stressors- Coworkers' Support 0.36 ** 0.46 ** 0.68 ** -                    
5. Job Stressors- Control 0.33 ** 0.22 ** 0.40 ** 0.37 ** -                  
6. Job Stressors- Demand 0.22 ** 0.48 ** 0.31 ** 0.34 ** 0.31 ** -                
7. Job Stressors- Change 0.47 ** 0.45 ** 0.65 ** 0.55 ** 0.44 ** 0.47 ** -              
8. Psychological capital- Self-efficacy - 0.43 ** - 0.21 ** - 0.19 ** - 0.28 ** - 0.30 ** - 0.15 ** - 0.35 ** -            
9. Psychological capital- Hope - 0.40 ** - 0.22 ** - 0.25 ** - 0.24 ** - 0.32 ** - 0.13 * - 0.38 ** 0.72 ** -          
10. Psychological capital- Resilience - 0.26 ** - 0.09 - 0.20 ** - 0.18 ** - 0.25 ** - 0.05 - 0.32 ** 0.55 ** 0.63 ** -        
11. Psychological capital- Optimism - 0.37 ** - 0.26 ** - 0.27 ** - 0.30 ** - 0.28 ** - 0.16 ** - 0.38 ** 0.65 ** 0.75 ** 0.62 ** -      
12. Burnout- Emotional Exhaustion 0.36 ** 0.41 ** 0.27 ** 0.30 ** 0.31 ** 0.41 ** 0.38 ** - 0.43 ** - 0.46 ** - 0.37 ** - 0.52 ** -    
13. Burnout- Depersonalization 0.390 ** 0.30 ** 0.16 ** 0.21 ** 0.15 ** 0.19 ** 0.27 ** - 0.52 ** - 0.48 ** - 0.33 ** - 0.50 ** 0.62 ** -  
14. Burnout- Personal Accomplishment 0.17 ** 0.13 * 0.02 0.11 * 0.07 0.16 ** 0.11 * - 0.31 ** - 0.22 ** - 0.23 ** - 0.27 ** 0.44 ** 0.56 ** -
Mean 8.74 9.65 12.71 9.73 16.18 23.31 7.84 27.74 25.94 23.47 26.56 22.85 9.36 24.26
Standard Deviation 3.87 3.98 4.48 3.45 4.41 5.10 2.73 5.65 5.99 5.38 5.72 9.72 5.34 7.93
**P˂ 0.01 and *P˂0.05


Table 2. Fit indices of the imitial measurement model and modified models (n=378)
Fit indices Initial Measurement Model Modified Measurement Model Cut-off Point
First Modification Second Modification Third Modification Fourth Modification
Chi-square 352.24 314.63 295.21 269.79 249.18 -
Model degrees of freedom 74 73 72 71 70 -
x2/df 4.76 4.31 4.10 3.80 3.56 Less than 3
GFI 0.886 0.897 0.902 0.911 0.915 0.90˃
AGFI 0.837 0.850 0.855 0.866 0.870 0.850 ˃
CFI 0.894 0.908 0.915 0.925 0.932 0.90 ˃
RMSEA 0.099 0.093 0.090 0.085 0.081 0.08˂
RMSEA: Root Mean Square Error of Approximation
 

Table 3. Total, direct, and indirect path coefficients among the research variables in the research model
Path Coefficient b S.E β Sig
Direct path coefficient of job stressors burnout 0.726 0.280 0.222 0.005
Path coefficient of psychological capital burnout -1.030 0.130 -0.581 0.001
Path coefficient of job stressors psychological capital - 0.956 0. 127 - 0. 518 0.001
Indirect path coefficient of job stressors burnout 0.984 0.169 0.301 0.001
Total path coefficient of job stressors burnout 1.710 0.266 0.523 0.001
 

        Figure 1. Overall model of research and path coefficients of variables based on standard scores
 
indicated that psychological capital positively and significantly mediates the relationship between job stressors and burnout among employees of the University of Medical Sciences.
Figure 1 illustrates the research model in explaining the relationships of burnout with job stressors and psychological capital In the model presented in Figure 1, it can be observed that the sum of squares of multiple correlations for the variable of burnout was obtained at 0.52. This finding indicates that job stressors and psychological capital explain 52% of the burnout variance together.
 
Discussion
As evidenced by the results of the current study, the components of job stressors had a positive and significant correlation with all three components of burnout-that is to say, burnout will increase by increasing job stressors. These findings are consistent with the results of the studies conducted by Heydari et al., Zarger et al., Hajlou et al., Rahmani et al., Shakerinia et al., Abdi et al., Watson et al., Jamal et al., and Gholami et al.
[10, 25-33].
Thereafter, after ensuring the acceptable fitness of the measurement model with the gathered data, the structural model fitting was evaluated. In the structural model, it was assumed that job stressors predicted burnout both directly and through the mediating role of psychological capital. As expected and considering the equality of the number of observed variables, latent variables, and degrees of freedom in measurement and structural models, similar fitness indices were obtained for the structural model. It was concluded that the structural model, like the measurement model, has fitness with the collected data.
In their study, Golmohammadian et al. (2016) investigated the role of psychological capital in the prediction of job burnout among primary school teachers at special schools of Kermanshah. The results of the mentioned study pointed to a significant relationship between the dimensions of psychological capital and the dimensions of burnout. The total score of psychological capital significantly predicted humility and generosity, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. These results highlighted the role and importance of organizational psychological capital in the prediction of burnout among teachers. In 2016, Ahmadpanah et al conducted a study on the relationship between burnout and personality type among Iranian general practitioners (n=100) and found a significant relationship between personality type and burnout [33]. In the same direction, Alipour et al. 2013carried out a study to evaluate the effectiveness of Luthans psychological capital intervention program on burnout. The mentioned study assessed 60 experts working in Iran Khodro Diesel Company who were randomly placed into two experimental and control groups(n=30 in each group). The results of their analysis indicated that the mean score of burnout and subscales which differed between the two groups in the pre-test showed a significant decrease after the intervention in the experimental group in the total score of burnout and the subscales of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. However, despite a significant reduction, a significant difference was not observed in the subscale of lack of efficacy. As a matter of fact, it can be argued that the intervention program of Luthan's psychological capital affects the reduction of burnout, especially the subscales of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Therefore, it can be an excellent executive strategy to reduce burnout. Luthans et al. (2010) showed that the effective level of feelings of incompetence can be reduced, and efficiency can be increased with the help of this model. The result revealed that the growth of psychological capital can positively affect the performance of employees. Nonetheless, the ineffectiveness of this intervention method in efficacy can be ascribed to the fact that the impact initially becomes evident on the components of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, while the effect on the efficacy component takes time to emerge. The results of studies conducted by Golmohammadian et al., Alipour et al., as well as Luthans et al. are in accordance with the findings of the present study [14, 34, 35].
In the current study, job stressors predicted burnout both directly and through the mediating role of psychological capital. Nevertheless, Khajehpour et al., in their study conducted in 2015 examined the direct effect of psychological capital on turnover intention, burnout, and job performance, as well as the indirect effect of this relationship through job stress. For this purpose, they evaluated 182 employees of Gotvand Water and Power Company through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of the mentioned study indicated the effect of psychological capital on turnover intention, burnout, and job performance, the effect of job stress on turnover intention, burnout, and job performance, as well as the indirect effect of psychological capital on turnover intention and burnout through job stress. Unlike the present study, psychological capital predicted burnout both directly and through the mediating role of job stress. This discrepancy between the current research and the study by Khajehpour et al. can be attributed to their different objectives [36].
Among the notable limitations of this study is the study population, including non-faculty employees of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Appropriate comparisons can be made between faculty and non-faculty staff by the addition of faculty employees to the target population of this study.
 
Conclusions
As evidenced by the results of the current study,  job stressors and psychological capital are the main determinants of job burnout. Therefore, due to the harmful effects of burnout on staff, it is suggested that authorities reduce stressors such as psychological and physical needs of the workplace, lack of support, job insecurity, as well as psychological capital.
 
Acknowledgments
The current article was extracted from a Ph.D. dissertation carried out at the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch. Our deepest appreciation goes to all the employees who participated in this research project.
 
Authors' contributions
All authors participated in the initial study of determining the subject, implementing the processes, analyzing the data, and writing the final report.
 
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.
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Article Type: Research Article | Subject: Physiology
Received: 2020/03/1 | Accepted: 2020/04/30 | Published: 2020/08/14

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