1. Introduction
In a healthy family, different patterns of communication are served over time. These patterns form the family, and through determining the role of family members, they determine the domain of each member’s behavior and facilitate their exchange of ideas [1], by which the essential bases of an individual’s personality development can form [2]. The family’s function is associated with its ability to adapt to changes, resolve contradictions, solidify members, succeed in applying disciplinary disciplines, observe the boundaries between individuals and implement the rules and principles governing it to protect the entire family system [3].
Based on the studies done on behavioral disorders, it can be concluded that behavioral disorders are more due to the relationship between parents and the child followed by the inherited and biological factors. Moreover, researchers have reported a relationship between parental abuse and behavioral disorder in the child. This relationship is significant and indicates that the family and, especially the behavior of parents during childhood play an essential role in the development of behavioral disorders during childhood and adolescence [4]. several studies have been done on the relationship between family function and anxiety [5], obsessive beliefs [5], perfectionism and negligence [6], deviant behavior [7], excitement and aggression [8], prevention of risk of high-risk behaviors [9], childhood physical symptoms, anxiety, sleep disturbance, depression and social function disorder [10], and addiction in children [11].
Perfectionism is a personality trait, which is affected by the family and parents to develop in the children. It refers the tendency of a person to have a set of extreme measures, focusing on failures and violations in performance, belief in being complete, a feeling of anxiety and high psychological pressure as well as being scared that he will not be able to fulfill his expectations [12]. According to Lee et al. [13] study, positive and negative perfectionism are different. Positive perfectionism is defined as trying to arrive at reasonable and realistic criteria, whereas negative perfectionism is the tendency to attempt to achieve very high standards, which is associated with the fear of failure focusing on disgusting others [14].
The family function can be associated with the emotional problems, such as anxiety. Anxiety is a multidimensional factor, which consists of two main dimensions, including hidden and apparent anxiety. Hidden anxiety indicates the person’s personality anxiety and some people are more likely to develop this type of anxiety than others. Hidden anxiety occurs through struggling with stress. On the other hand, the apparent anxiety occurs in a particular situation, where a person has the tense and contradicting feeling against it and also he does not have self-control [15]. In families, where the family system is far from the ordinary and desirable performance, the risk of psychological disorders, such as anxiety increases.
Due to the important role of students in the progress of each country, their psychological health is essential, and the factors affecting their psychological health must be identified and be used in relevant controlling programs. In this regard, the present research aimed to find a relationship between family functioning, and perfectionism and hidden anxiety among students.
2. Materials and Methods
The present descriptive-correlation study was done on all university students of Rasht city (44, 628 students) from 16 scientific and academic centers. Using the convenient sampling method, 220 students were selected. Referring to the colleges and libraries of Rasht universities, students who were willing to participate in the research were asked to respond to research questionnaires. The participants filled out the informed consent form, as well.
Family Assessment Device (FAD)
FAD is a 60-item instrument that is made based on the McMaster model of family functioning. It assesses seven areas, including problem-solving, role relationship, emotional response, emotional involvement, behavioral control, and overall performance. The higher score of this scale indicates ineffective functioning. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for its sub-scales was reported from 0.88 to 0.91. The correlation coefficients were calculated for four-week intervals from r=0.83 to r=0.89 in two turns [16]. The validity of FAD has been reported in some studies in Iran up to 0.91 and 0.93, and also the alpha coefficients for its subscales have been reported from 0.72 to 0.92 [17]. In the current study, its reliability obtained α=0.89.
Positive and Negative Perfectionism Questionnaire (PANPS)
PANPS was designed by Terry-Short et al. [18] with 40 items, of which 20 items measure positive perfectionism and 20 others evaluate negative perfectionism. Each item is scored on a five-point Likert scale measuring the perfectionism of the subjects from one to five in both the positive and negative fields. The minimum score is 20 and the maximum score is 100. Terry-Short et al. [18] presented the Cronbach’s alpha of 0.83 and 0.81 for the positive and negative perfectionism, respectively. In the Persian version of PANPS, the Cronbach’s alpha for the questions of each sub-scale in a sample of 212 students was 0.90 and 0.87 for all subjects and 0.91 and 0.88 for male students, indicating the higher internal consistency of this scale. Basharat [19] indicated a correlation between the test scores based on a four-week re-test for 212 subjects (r=0.86), which shows the appropriate validity of this scale. 
Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)
The First version of the STAI was introduced by Spielberg et al. in 1970. It consists of 40 questions, of which the first 20 questions assess the state anxiety, and the next 20 questions measure trait anxiety. The scores of both parts can range from 20 to 80. The state-trait questionnaire with an accepted credibility, reliability, and validity can be used in different populations. A correlation between STAI and Cattle’s Anxiety Inventory also shows its validity. Chadri [20] reported the correlations of 0.92 and 0.89 for the English and the Bengali forms in women and men, respectively for state anxiety, and 0.94 and 0.91 for the trait anxiety, respectively. The correlation 0.79 to 0.83 was found between STAI and Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. The correlation between Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and Anxiety Scale Questionnaire and the trait-STAI is close to the validity of these scales, they are seemingly usable to assess the trait anxiety. In the study by Bong [21], the Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91 approved the validity of the state-STAI. The Cronbach’s alpha method was used to calculate the validity of the trait-STAI (hidden anxiety), which was obtained 0.90 for a normal sample of 600 people. Data were analyzed by SPSS V. 22 using correlation and multiple regression analysis.
3. Results
A total of 100 participants were male and 120 subjects were female students. The Mean±SD age of female and male students was 27.8±6.9 and 28.1±9.9, respectively. Data analysis results are presented in Table 1.
The results of this study using the multivariate regression showed a significant correlation between family function, perfectionism, and hidden anxiety (P<0.01).
4. Discussion 
Based on the results, the relationship between family function and positive and negative perfectionism as the research hypothesis was confirmed. Accordingly, family function and positive and negative perfectionism are correlated. These results are consistent with the results of Mandel et al. [22] and Affrunti [23]. To explain this finding, it can be said that behavioral control is the most predictor for positive perfectionism. A favorable psychological climate of the family coupled with the sense of mutual responsibility, provide an appropriate environment for gaining positive qualities, such as targeting, trying for excellence and order and organization. Also, most of the perfectionists are raised in families, in which less-than-perfect performance of the members is responded by overt or implicit critique. As a result, the children of these expectant families may learn critical methods for evaluating their performances.

Moreover, in explaining the relationship between family function and negative perfectionism, it can be said that the low performance of family shows a low level of control in children over their destiny, and also they have to coordinate with the goals and roles determined by parents for them. However, the parents’ emphasis is on the wishes and expectations of their children. In families with lower function, parents express their wishes more clearly, and their children will find that they will be provided by parental support by fulfilling these demands. 

The results also showed a relationship between family function and hidden anxiety. Accordingly, family function, and hidden anxiety are correlated. These results are consistent with the results of Klibert et al. [24] and confirm their findings. The emotional response was the strongest predictor for hidden anxiety. In explaining this finding, it can be said that what goes on inside the family is a crucial factor in creating flexibility and reducing the present and future risks associated   with adverse events and inappropriate conditions. Therefore, disturbance in the function of the family causes its members to be confused, worried and faced with challenges to communicate and the health of its members endangers. Also, a high level of emotional conflict and a low capacity for adjustment to stress are observed in these families [25].
It seems that the positive atmosphere of coherent families combined with the sense of mutual responsibility is a good basis for gaining positive qualities, such as targeting, trying for excellence and order and organization. Regarding the variability of family flexibility, the findings of this study indicated that flexibility predicts both the positive and negative aspects of perfectionism [26]. In other words, the flexibility of the family, with an increase in the positive and negative dimensions of perfectionism, has a dual function. Studies have shown that flexibility, in contrast to family cohesion (which always leads to positive outcomes), has no fixed findings, especially in traditional and collectivist cultures.
From the Minuchin structural and therapeutic perspective, one of the leading causes of anxiety in a child, in addition to the conflicts between parents and other members of the family, can be the transmission of problems within the family system to one another, especially children and forming the triangles in the family members’ relationships, especially parents with children [27]. Anxiety disorder is considered as a part of chronic border problems in diagnosing all kinds of structural disabilities in disturbed families, which caused by transferring stresses from one subunit to others [28]. Using a particular person by a subunit who is not a member of its subordinate to expand a sub-objective conflict can degrade the situation.
This situation is often observed when parents use a child to distract or discourage marital conflicts. In this case, the boundary between the parents and the child becomes unclear, by which the parents increase the development of childhood disorders. The parents then try to unite to care for him. In such a situation, the goal of the therapist is to reconstruct the organization of the subunit, according to the pattern of parenting and the child [29].
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles were considered in this article. The participants were informed about the purpose of the research and its implementation stages; they were also assured about the confidentiality of their information.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed equally in preparing all parts of the research.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.


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