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Oluwaseun Emmanuel S, Tahan M. Predictive Effects of Neuroticism and Emotional Intelligence on Bullying Behavior Among Male College Students. Avicenna J Neuro Psycho Physiology 2018; 5 (2) :81-88
URL: http://ajnpp.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-116-en.html
1- Department of Educational Foundations and Counselling, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo.
2- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran.
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1. Introduction
Lately, research concerning bullying behavior has moved from merely assessing the prevalence of bullying behavior; to identifying the psychological antecedents to bullying behaviors, taking the study further from the workplace to schools by the investigating into the precursors of bullying behavior. Bullying which is a deviant behavior is the act of intimidating, frightening, threatening or abusing a weaker person by making the person vulnerable. Bullying is repeated negative behavior that is carried out against people who cannot defend themselves. Over the years, reaching a consensus on the definition of bullying has been a significant challenge among researchers. However, Effrosyni and Theodoros in an exceedingly meta-analytic study discovered that the various definitions that existed share one similarity: that's, ‘bullying is perceived as a set of aggression’ [1]. Bullying behavior can be exhibited physically by kicking/jerking; punching, hitting, beating, etc. this form of bullying has been reported to be predominant among the males [2]. 
Verbal or psychological bullying, which is commonly reported among females could be exhibited by: exclusion or segregation, gossip, rumour spreading/chit-chat, name calling, chatter, ranting etc. although, there is a sparse record on the prevalence of bullying in the Nigerian education system, this can be attributed to the culture of insufficient statistical records. However, it can be observed that the prevalence of bullying in Nigerian schools is enormous and requires an urgent attention in curbing it. The literature on bullying behavior shows that researches on bullying in schools date back to at least the 1980s [3]. There has been a growing body of analysis on the way to tackle the matter of bullying at college [4-6]. 
Bullying behavior that poses a heavy challenge to high school directors remains current in faculties, whereas Olweus in 1978 reportable that boys have interaction in additional direct physical bullying than females; ladies have interaction in additional indirect bullying, like spreading rumors and manipulation of friendly relationship. Avows that physical bullying prevails among males and psychological bullying among females [2]. what is more, Felix and McMahon found that males use physical victimization, harming others through violence, whereas females use relative victimization, harming others by damaging their relationships [7]. 
A review of literature gives the idea that researchers agree that males mostly are reported to bully physically while the females' folks predominantly bully verbally and psychologically. Found that, in general, males bully quite females, males square measure preponderantly browbeaten by males, which females square measure equally browbeaten by males and females [2]. Later on, cited in Effrosyni, and Theodoros replicated these results. nonetheless, they steered that the prevalence of feminine bullies declined steady with age, however the prevalence of male bullies remained roughly constant from the ages of eight to sixteen [1]. This suggestion justifies the prevalence of bullying among male college students. Bullying among students has led to socio-personal and academic problems such as; truancy, gangsterism, dismissal from school, academic failure to both the victim and the bully. It follows that this problem, if not prevented, could affect educational, human and consequently, the society as a whole [2]. This article aims at adding to the existing knowledge on bullying behavior and most importantly, investigate how far and to what extent neuroticism and emotional intelligence influence bullying behavior among students.
Neuroticism is that the tendency of experiencing negative emotional states, like anxiety, depression, fear, sadness, hostility, anger, guilt, disgust, and vulnerability [8, 9]. people that exhibit high levels of mental disorder ar at risk of irrational thoughts, impulsive behavior, and applying poor brick ways in nerve-wracking things [10]. people World Health Organization score low in mental disorder tend to be calm and equable, stable, self-content, comfy, unemotional, and hardy [11, 12]. while, the high mental disorder scorer has been represented as anxious, moody, typically depressed, anger, hostility, self-consciousness, thoughtlessness, and vulnerability having robust emotional reactions and have a tendency to be vulnerable [13, 14]. existent studies have shown that there's a association between mental disorder and bullying behaviour [15-18]. Olweus and Tattum describes victims of bullying as anxious, insecure, lonely, abandoned, physically weaker than their peers, ar afraid to be hurt, they need poor social skills and realize it tough to form friends, they're sensitive, quiet, withdrawn, cautious and keep, they cry or become angry quickly, they're insecure and suffer from low vanity, and that they ar unable to defend themselves [19, 20]. a number of these traits ar wont to characterize people that score high in mental disorder [21].
Keeping track of existent literature on the connection between neurosis and bullying behavior; it had been determined that consistent nexus exist between neurosis and bullying behavior. in an exceedingly comprehensive take a look at of neurosis on some varieties of bullying like indirect bullying and verbal bullying; Mmapula determined a big correlation for neurosis and indirect bullying (victimization) suggesting that learners United Nations agency scored higher on neurosis additionally scored higher on verbal bullying [21]. A correlation was determined within the study for verbal bullying and neurosis, however not for different varieties of bullying victimization. The findings from the study show that neurosis and indirect bullying were powerfully correlated; previous studies by validatory this [15, 16, 22]. in an exceedingly similar study, Harris unconcealed that neurosis and conscientiousness were considerably associated with victimization (indirect bullying) [23]. 
Adding different psychological variables to check the influence of neurosis on bullying behavior, tennis player and O’Moore reported that kids United Nations agency intimidated had higher scores on sociableness, neurosis, and psychoticism compared to their counterparts United Nations agency failed to bully [14]. Mitsopoulou and Giovazolias found that higher levels of neurosis and sociableness were related to each bullying committal and bullying using [22]. Idemudia concurred to the current by revealing that learners with high scores in psychoticism and neurosis additionally had high scores on bullying behaviour [24]. 
Adding different psychological variables to check the influence of neurosis on bullying behavior, tennis player and O’Moore reported that kids United Nations agency intimidated had higher scores on sociableness, neurosis, and psychoticism compared to their counterparts United Nations agency failed to bully [14]. Mitsopoulou and Giovazolias found that higher levels of neurosis and sociableness were related to each bullying committal and bullying using [22]. Idemudia concurred to the current by revealing that learners with high scores in psychoticism and neurosis additionally had high scores on bullying behaviour [24].
Individuals differ in their abilities, competencies, and dispositions to use and process emotional information, thereby differing in their behaviors and the extent to which they successfully adapt. This individual difference variable is known as emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is a mastery of acceptable approaches for managing one’s feelings, expressing seemingly negative emotions in proper behaviors, and ultimately acting empathetically. Mayer and Salovey define it as the ability to express, perceive, understand and manage emotions [25]. From the above, emotional intelligence is a skill that can be acquired through training. With the growth of the Emotional Intelligence literature, two distinct perspectives of Emotional Intelligence have been proposed: ability-based and trait-based, that each has their approach to measuring Emotional Intelligence [26]. The ability-based defines Emotional Intelligence as a set of emotion-related cognitive skills, meeting traditional standards for intelligence [27, 28]. On the opposite hand, the trait-based approach defines Emotional Intelligence as a group of emotion-related inclinations, attitudes, and self-perceptions settled at the lower levels of the gradable temperament taxonomy [29, 30]. For this study, the ability-based approach was adopted. 
Emotional Intelligence has been connected to a myriad of social and emotional outcomes over the past twenty years of analysis [31]. it's been tested that people high on Emotional Intelligence square measure a lot of seemingly to report positive relations with others and fewer seemingly to report negative interactions with shut friends [32]. High levels of emotional intelligence were found to be related to low levels of face-to-face victimization in several studies [33]. Extant research has proven that Emotional Intelligence is negatively related to bullying behaviors and victimization. For instance, Sancho et al., in a meta-analysis across 19 studies found that individuals with higher Emotional Intelligence levels exhibited less aggressive behavior than those with lower Emotional Intelligence [34]. 
This portends that people WHO exhibit bullying square measure probably to own low levels of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is important in developing fellow feeling, friendly, kind-heartedness, and understanding of the way to affect and manage emotions with success. Therefore, cultivating emotional intelligence skills in youngsters too soon is crucial as a result of equipping them with social and emotional skills to affect feelings and things can facilitate mitigate bullying down the road. Over the years, scientific research has been focused mainly on the factors influencing the development of students with the aim of improving their quality of life. This study would, therefore, be of great importance as it would add to the existing body of knowledge in adolescent and educational psychology. It would be significant to students and parents providing knowledge on the understanding of bullying behavior and its consequences. The findings of this study would equally be of great importance to school instructors, administrators, professional counselors in that if they could make use of the findings to redress the problem of bullying behavior among students. This study is designed to look into the bullying behaviors of students. Therefore, the study would seek to determine the effects of neuroticism and emotional intelligence on the bullying behavior of students.
2. Materials and Methods
This study adopted a descriptive survey design of ex-post facto type. The population for this study consists of 130 randomly selected students from a college that is predominantly for boys in Ondo State, Nigeria. The selected classes are the senior classes that are 14-18. The age of the participants ranged from 12 to 15, with the mean age of 13.06. The following standardized instruments were used for this study: the validity and reliability of the instrument was assessed with the help of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The following questionnaires were used for data collection:
Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) was assessed with emotional intelligence form developed by Schutte et al. it's a cardinal [33]. item scale structured in a very 5-point Likert format [35]. Example of things within the scale area unit “I understand once to talk regarding my issues to others”, “I expect goodies to happen”. A high score indicates associate magnified level of emotional intelligence, whereas low scores indicated a attenuated level of emotional intelligence. In this study the confirmatory factor analysis for the scale resulted in a single factor (0.60), this is consistent with the result from the developers of the instrument. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of for this study is 0.84. Consequently, the instrument was proven to be valid and reliable for the participants.
Neuroticism Scale is the subsection of the Big-Five model developed by Costa and McCrae was adopted for this study [36]. The scale consists of eight (8) items. The scale was developed in a five-point Likert format such that the high scores would imply reduce occurrences and low scores increased occurrences. The scale constructs discovered a satisfactory level of internal consistency, a decent model match was found for the measure model (First-order CFA model) the measurement model result shows that Chi-square value is 1114.022 and p-value=0.000. Testing the reliability of the scale, it was found to have good psychometric properties, with Cronbach’s alpha=0.680.
The BPBQ (Bullying Participants Behavior Questionnaire) is intended to measure children and adolescents’ perceptions of bullying in their school and includes assessment of behaviors associated with five different participant roles: bully, the victim, defender of the victim, assistant to the bully, and outsider [37]. The scale measures the level of bullying behavior as exhibited by the participants. The result of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed that all five subscales correlate with each other. This was used to attest to the validity of the scale. Testing the reliability of the scale, it was found to have good psychometric properties with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.65.
The researchers were assisted by a National Youth Service Corp member in the administration and collection of the instruments from the students. Permission was obtained from the significant authorities in the school. The participants were adequately informed of the confidentiality of the information provided and also the have to be compelled to be precise and truthful in filling the form. The participants gave appropriate informed consent. However, Objectives of the study were explained to parents. Verbal informed consent was obtained from parents, and complies with the ethical standards of the Nigerian Health Research Ethics Committee.
The relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable was ascertained using Pearson product moment correlation while multiple regression was used to determine the predictive capacity of the independent variables. SPSS v. 25 and AMOS V. 24 Laptop programmes were used in the data analysis.
3. Result
Table 1 shows there are significant positive relationships among the three variables in the study with Emotional Intelligence and Bullying having the strongest relationship at r-value of -0.112.
Going by the result presented in table 2, the two independent variables (neuroticism and emotional intelligence), jointly yielded a coefficient of multiple regression (R) of 0.512, a multiple correlation square (R2) of 0.262 and an adjusted multiple correlation square (R2) of 0.250. This shows that 25% of the total variance in bullying behavior of the participants is accounted for by the combination of the two independent variables. The table as well indicates that the analysis of variance of the multiple regression data produced an F-ratio value which was significant at 0.05 level (F117.748=22.040, P<0.05). The findings thus, confirm that neuroticism and emotional intelligence are potent predictors of bullying behavior. 
From the result displayed in Table 3, each of the independent variables made significant contributions to the prediction of bullying behavior in varying weights. The results indicated that the following beta weights represent the predictive strength of the independent variables observed in accordance with the most effective to the least; Neuroticism, (β=0.541, t=6.637, P<0.05) and Emotional intelligence, (β=-0.039, t=-2.008, P≥0.05).
4. Discussion
Analysis of the connection between neuroticism, emotional intelligence and bullying conduct demonstrates that there is a favorable and substantial correlation between the factors tested and the measure of criterion (intimidation conduct). This indicates that neuroticism and emotional intelligence may predict bullying conduct among masculine college pupils. 
Regarding to what magnitude each of the two independent variables adds to the forecast, Table 3 shows that Emotional Intelligence is the best predictor of intimidation conduct among the respondents. Although the r-value (-0.112) for emotional intelligence is weakly significant Neuroticism also predicts well. These findings are in agreement with findings from [16-18]. These studies affirm that neuroticism leads to bullying behavior. The reason for this could be because of the emotional states that are connected to neuroticism. Students who score high in neuroticism tend towards being hostile and having a feeling of disgust to others which by implication may cause them to bully others, acquiesces with this [8]. It is well known in psychology that females tend slightly more towards neuroticism than males do [38]. Nevertheless, from the results of this study, neuroticism is a potent predictor of bullying behavior among male college students, therefore it can be gathered that the bullying behavior reported in this study as perceived by the participants (who are majorly males) can be related to physical bullying which is predominant among males and not other forms of bullying especially, verbal and psychological bullying which is commonly reported among the female folks [2]. Neuroticism is not only a cause of bully behavior it is also a consequence of being bullied [38, 39]. the result from this study, showing neuroticism to be a significant predictor of bullying behavior can be clarified further that, neuroticism do not only predict bullying behavior, but it is also a subsequent effect of bullying behavior on its victims.
The study as some other studies has several limitations that may restrict the generalizability of its findings. First, this study is restricted to a few samples of male college students who may not be enough sample to predict the bullying behavior of male college students in a vast population. Secondly, the college students in this context are limited to only secondary school students in a college in Ondo State, Nigeria. 
Finally, the findings of this descriptive study are at best correlational, and no conclusive statements on causal effects can be made. Consequent upon this, the following recommendations are made: 1. School Counsellors and Psychologists should assist in training students who score high on neuroticism as to help them in understanding and as a result manage their personality type effectively without posing threats to others; 2. Emotional intelligence instruction should be included in the school pupils' engagement program to allow them to create the life skills needed for ideal working and to reduce bullying behaviour; 3. With the knowledge that neuroticism has a relationship with bullying behavior, personality tests should be administered to students to test their personality types to identify students who record high scores in neuroticism and as such provide the necessary intervention to them; 4. A conducive environment that encourages the development of appropriate emotional intelligence should be provided to students in school; 5. Identifying factors related to potential victims of bullying behaviors may offer an opportunity in the educational setting to improve anti-bullying programs. 
Positive Clinical Implications of the work: This study lends support for clinicians to take an active and holistic approach in educating clients of the implication of their personality type on their behaviour pattern. This study helps clinicians in identifying the effect of the two predictor variables in the prediction of bullying behaviour among college students. This study helps clinicians to identify potential bullies among the students in colleges and how to stem their bully behaviour. This study further revealed to Clinicians that Bullying Participant Behaviours Questionnaire has proved to be a relevant measure to investigate the enormousness of bullying among male college students. Cautions or Limitation of the study: This study is restricted to a few samples of male college students who may not be enough sample to predict the bullying behaviour of male college students in a vast population. The college students in this context are limited to only secondary school students in a college in Ondo State, Nigeria. The findings of this descriptive study are at best correlational, and no conclusive statements on causal effects can be made.
5. Conclusion
The study has attempted to identify possible causes of bullying behaviors. Also, neuroticism has shown to be vital in the determination of bullying behavior among the participants. The findings become important in redressing the problem of bullying behavior and its patterns of occurrence. The findings of this study carry its peculiarities that are essential for further studies. The researchers desire that future studies should extend to tertiary education students and should include variables such as; religion, age, and socio-economic status. It is also suggested that a more robust study using more personality variables and the inclusion of both genders to ascertain the level of bullying by gender.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles were considered in this article. The participants were informed about the purpose of the research and its implementation stages; they were also assured about the confidentiality of their information; Moreover, They were allowed to leave the study whenever they wish, and if desired, the results of the research would be available to them, and complies with the ethical standards of the Nigerian Health Research Ethics Committee.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed in preparing this article.
Conflict of interest
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


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Article Type: Research Article | Subject: Clinical Psychology
Received: 2017/09/5 | Accepted: 2018/12/10 | Published: 2018/05/10

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