en Mother and child health پژوهشي Research Article <span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><b><span style="color:black">Background and Objective:</span></b> <span style="color:black">Parenting is one of the most critical and complex responsibilities in human life. The current research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of schema-based parenting training program integrated with transactional analysis (ST-TA) with parenting based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on the preschool children&rsquo;s behavioral problems and assertiveness. </span></span></span><br> <span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><b><span style="color:black">Materials and Methods:</span></b> <span style="color:black">This experimental research was designed with a pre-test-post-test, two-month follow-up, and a control group. The statistical population included all the mothers of preschool children in Isfahan city in the winter of 2024, who have visited primary schools and counseling centers in Isfahan, Iran. In order to sample 54 mothers of children aged 3-6 years based on the entry and exit criteria, three groups were purposefully selected for the implementation of the semi-experimental design. The participants were randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group (18 people in each group). Questionnaires assessing behavioral problems and self-expression in preschool children were administrated at the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni&#39;s post-hoc test in SPSS software (version 22). </span></span></span><br> <span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><b><span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:.1pt">Results:</span></span></b> The research findings <span style="color:black">indicated a significant effectiveness of the ST-<a name="_Hlk179967889">TA intervention </a>for mothers of preschool children in reducing their children&#39;s behavioral problems and increasing their assertiveness (<i>p</i>=0.001). Additionally, a significant difference was observed between the measurement steps in the two experimental and control groups (<i>p</i>=0.001). Regarding the comparison of two approaches, the ST-TA has increased children&#39;s assertiveness with stronger effects. However, regarding the reduction of behavioral problems, no significant difference was found between the two experimental groups (<i>p</i>=0.01). </span></span></span><br> <span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><b><span style="color:black">Conclusions:</span></b> <span style="color:black">These results have remained stable over time. Therefore, the use of these two parenting methods at treatment and educational centers for families and preschool children can be considered to improve behavior outcomes and <a name="_Hlk179967867">assertiveness</a>.</span></span></span></span></span><br> <br> &nbsp; Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Assertiveness, Parenting, Problem Behavior, Schema Therapy, Transactional Analysis 185 193 http://ajnpp.umsha.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2425-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Leyla Jokar jokar.psy@gmail.com 10031947532846008829 0009-0006-3465-9323 No Department of Psychology, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Felor Khayatan f.khayatan@iau.ac.ir 10031947532846008830 10031947532846008830 Yes Department of Psychology, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Mohsen Golparvar mgolparvar@iau.ac.ir 10031947532846008831 10031947532846008831 No Department of Psychology, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.