en Seizure and convulsion پژوهشي Research Article <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span lt="" optima="" std="" style="font-family:">Electrical kindling is a popular model for studying epilepsy, which is similar to complex focal seizures in humans. In this method, by implanting metal electrodes in the brain and subthreshold stimulation, the animal acquires chronic convulsions. This study aimed to compare the development of rapid electrical kindling using steel and copper electrodes in adult male Wistar rats. Tri-polar steel or copper electrodes and two unipolar electrodes were stereotaxically embedded in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala or the skull surface, respectively. One week later, the threshold current intensity was determined. Twenty-four hours afterward, animals received six stimulations per day with the threshold intensity until they showed three consecutive stage five seizures. The animals were then perfused, and their brains were fixed, stained, and examined histologically. The results showed that animals with the steel electrode had a significantly lower threshold than those with a copper electrode. In addition, the number of stimulations for seizure generalization was significantly lower in the steel group. The amount of tissue damage in the experimental groups was not significantly different; however, the number of dead cells in the steel groups was significantly lower than that in the copper groups. In conclusion, although animals were kindled with copper electrodes, they may not be suitable for use in laboratory evaluations due to the neurotoxic effects of copper, which lead to tissue damage and delays in seizure parameters. Therefore, the results of such studies can be misleading.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:200%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:200%"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin""></span></span></span></span></span></span> Electrode, Epilepsy, Rapid Electrical Kindling, Seizure 137 144 http://ajnpp.umsha.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-858-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Hakimeh Rezaei Nasimrezaei.746499@gmail.com 10031947532846007257 10031947532846007257 No Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Siamak Beheshti s.beheshti@sci.ui.ac.ir 10031947532846007258 10031947532846007258 Yes Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Azadeh Yazdi yazdi.a@smd.iaun.ac.ir 10031947532846007259 10031947532846007259 No Department of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran & Clinical Research Development Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran