Volume 9, Issue 3 (August 2022)                   Avicenna J Neuro Psycho Physiology 2022, 9(3): 117-123 | Back to browse issues page

XML Print

Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Kaveh K, Kalhornia Golkar M, Sahebi A. The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Reality Therapy and Compassionate Focused Therapy On Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Physical Symptoms in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Avicenna J Neuro Psycho Physiology 2022; 9 (3) :117-123
URL: http://ajnpp.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-394-en.html
The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Reality Therapy and Compassionate Focused Therapy On Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Physical Symptoms in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Kamyar Kaveh1 , Maryam Kalhornia Golkar 2, Ali Sahebi3
1- Department of Health Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran
2- Department of Health Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Karaj Branch Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. , maryamgol1986@yahoo.com
3- Department of Health Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Karaj Branch Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
Keywords: Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Reality Therapy, Compassion Focused Therapy, Depression, Anxiety
Full-Text [PDF 409 kb]   (508 Downloads)     |   Abstract (HTML)  (1166 Views)
Full-Text:   (364 Views)
Background
 
Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional disorder of the digestive system, and its diagnosis is based on such symptoms as chronic abdominal pain and defecation changes in the absence of any organic cause [1]. This disease is the most common gastrointestinal disorder. The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome  is reported as 10%-15% in North America and about 11.5% in Europe [2]; nonetheless, the prevalence varies from country to country. According to population studies conducted in Iran, the prevalence of this disease is reported as 3.5%-5.8% [3]. Based on the bio-psycho-social model, all physical, psychological, behavioral, and social factors in interaction should be considered in describing how this syndrome is formed since none of these factors alone are sufficient to justify irritable bowel syndrome  in patients [4]. despite the long period of study in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, only a small number of treatments have proven effective, and treatment of this disorder is often unattainable. While a number of medications offered by physicians have shown their effects on irritable bowel syndrome , none has yet been able to provide adequate treatment for the
full spectrum of irritable bowel syndrome [5]. Psychological therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation, behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, and hypnosis, despite their effectiveness, have met with conflicting results [6]; therefore, it is of utmost importance to identify effective treatments for irritable bowel syndrome.
Reality therapy is one of the counseling and psychotherapy approaches that consider the acceptance of responsibility, reality, distinguishing between right and wrong, as well as their relationship with the daily life of individuals [7]. Reality therapy is based on choice theory which believes that all our actions are behavior. Glasser considers behavior to include the four components of action, thought, emotion, and physiology. We control the two components of thought and action directly and indirectly over emotion and physiology [8]. In fact, the main purpose of the reality therapy approach is to help people become aware of their needs, monitor behavior, and make appropriate choices [9]. Hoseini has examined the effectiveness of group reality therapy in anxiety sensitivity in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Data analysis demonstrated that the use of group reality therapy significantly led to a decrease in the mean scores of anxiety sensitivity and its components (fear of physical anxiety, fear of lack of cognitive control, and fear of anxiety view) in the experimental group, as compared to those obtained in the control group [10]. Farmani, in a study, evaluated the effectiveness of group reality therapy in the reduction of stress, anxiety, depression, and loneliness in patients with multiple sclerosis. Findings pointed to a significant decrease in the mean score of all four variables of stress, anxiety, depression, and loneliness in the experimental group after the intervention [11].
Compassion-focused therapy is a meta-diagnostic model that uses common frameworks and processes in classical cognitive-behavioral therapy to manage the flow of therapy. This treatment is based on the current understanding of emotion regulation systems. Therapeutic sessions emphasize the integration of these systems with human behavior and thoughts [12]. The goal of compassion-focused therapy is to balance these emotional systems. Biodegradation forms the basis of this treatment. In humans, at least three types of emotion regulation systems have evolved: the threat and self-protection system, the incentive and resource-seeking system, as well as the soothing system. This method emphasizes the relationship between cognitive patterns and these three emotion regulation systems. In this way, they move from the first system to the second and third systems [13].
 The main treatment technique is compassionate mind training, in which the client is taught the skills and characteristics of compassion. Compassionate mind training helps clinicians change the problematic cognitive and emotional patterns associated with their anxiety, anger, and self-criticism [14]. Consequently, by altering brain patterns, the secretion of the hormones oxytocin and dopamine, which will result in improved relationships, reduces the symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and the severity of physical symptoms. Rahmanian, in a study, examined the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy in the improvement of psychological disorders (anxiety and depression), as well as the level of hope and adherence to treatment in patients with rheumatism. The results illustrated that compassion therapy training was effective in the improvement of psychological disorders (anxiety and depression), life expectancy, and adherence to treatment in patients with rheumatism [15]. Zarei, in a study, has investigated the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy in the treatment of diabetic patients with depression. The results of the treatment in the experimental group after receiving eight sessions of compassion-focused therapy suggetsed that this treatment was effective in reducing depression and controlling blood sugar levels in diabetic patients [16].
Given the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and the fact that in this disease, like other non-structural disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, the identifticatit of psychological factors in the onset of symptoms is vital, it seems essential to make psychological interventions for these patients using two effective and relatively new approaches (reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy).

Objectives
The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy in the reduction of depression, anxiety, stress, and physical symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome; therefore, the research design can be considered quasi-experimental.

Materials and Methods
The statistical population of the study includes all people who were referred to the Tehran Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases due to gastrointestinal problems and received a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome by the gastroenterologists of this center in 2020. In this study, among the patients referred to the above health center, 45 cases were selected via the convenience sampling method and assigned into three groups (n=15 in each group). In the experimental groups (two groups), in addition to drug treatment, the subjects received reality therapy training (group 1) and compassion focus therapy (group 2), respectively, while the control group received only drug therapy.
The inclusion criteria entailed:
1. Having irritable bowel syndrome  according to Rome III criteria
2. Reading and writing literacy in order to complete the questionnaires
3. Age range of 20-55 years
The exclusion criteria were:
1. Organic gastrointestinal disorders approved by a gastroenterologist
2. Presence of acute physical illness
3. Patients with psychological disorders under psychiatric treatment
The ethical considerations of the present study were as follows:
1. All individuals received written information about the research and voluntarily participated in the research.
2. Participants were assured that all information would be confidential and would be used for research purposes.
3. In order to protect privacy, the names and surnames of the participants were not registered.
The researcher also undertook to implement this intervention for the control group after the end of the research in order to observe the ethical principles. This research has the code of ethics committee number IR.IAU.TMU.REC.1399.237 from Tehran Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences.

Measurement Tools
The assessment tools in this study included two questionnaires:
and
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Severity Index (IBS-SI): This scale, which was developed by Francis, Morris, and Horoll, consists of five sections that examine the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, including pain, defecation disorders, bloating, the effect of the disease on daily activities of life, and extraintestinal symptoms on an intensity scale [17]. The internal correlation coefficient of the scale is 0.86, and Cronbach's alpha is 0.69.
Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-42): It was developed by Lavibond and Lavibond [18]. The main form of this questionnaire has 42 questions that each of the psychological structures of stress, anxiety, and depression are evaluated by 14 different questions. The three factors of anxiety, depression, and stress are measured by DASS-42. The validity and reliability of the test have been studied by Asghari Moghadam in Iran, and the scales of depression, anxiety, and stress have been identified with necessary conditions for application in psychological research and clinical situations in Iranian population [19].
Reality therapy training consists of eight 90-mine training sessions based on Glasser's choice theory [20]:
Session 1: Environmentalization, treatment history, review of psychological problems
Session 2: Wants of clients, quality world, continue WDEOP process
Session 3: Responsibility, Needs
Session 4: Relationships, control, internal control, relationship improvement, as well as connective and disconnected behaviors
Session 5: General behavior machine, toolbox
Session 6: Teaching perception of reality, mental filters of references, lifestyle changes
Session 7: Writing a plan, performance evaluation
Session 8: Reality Acceptance Training (Plan B) and living in the direction of values according to the recurrence of the disease
Compassion-focused training is a treatment plan consisting of eight 90-minute training sessions based on the Gilbert training package [14]:
Session 1: Environmentalization, teaching the theoretical foundations of compassionate therapy in a simple word in the context of psychological problems of irritable bowel syndrome  patients
Session 2: Teaching the nature of compassion to clients, training the mind focused on threats versus the compassionate mind (with emphasis on the unique problems of clients), teaching compassionate qualities, teaching compassionate skills
Session 3: Preparing and training the individual mentality
Session 4: Relationships
Session 5: Introducing the illustration model
Session 6: Illustration of a safe place
Session 7: Growing compassionate
Session 8: Compassion
Before the first session in the groups, the IBS-SI and DASS-42 were administered to the groups (pre-test). At the end of the sessions (eight sessions), the questionnaire was readministered to the group members (post-test). Two months after the end of the sessions, one session was performed as a follow-up on all three groups, and the symptoms of the individuals were measured and recorded. Therefore, pre-test and post-test scores, as well as the scores of the follow-up session, were statistically analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the independent variable in the groups.
Descriptive statistical methods, such as mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistical methods, such as mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures, were employed to analyze
the data. Table 1 presents the demographic characteristics of the sample group.
 

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the sample group
Control CFT RT Preliminary group Variable
n=15 n=15 n=15 n=45
Gender
8 9 9 26   Female
7 6 6 19   Male
Age
5 6 7 19   20-30
7 6 3 16   31-40
3 3 5 10   41-50
Education
4 5 3 9   High School
5 6 8 22   B.A.
6 4 4 14   M.A. & upper
CFT: compassion-focused therapy, RT: Reality therapy
 
Results
As illustrated in Table 1, the sample consisted of 26 (58%) males and 19 (42%) females. According to Table 2, in the experimental group, the mean scores of depression, anxiety, stress, and physical symptoms of patients with irritable bowel syndrome decreased in the post-test and follow-up; nonetheless, in the case of the control group, there was no evidence of such a change. The significance of group differences with respect to pre-test, post-test, and follow-up scores was assessed by a mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures. Table 3 shows the results of the analysis of the variance of the main effects and the interaction between them.
As illustrated in Table 3, analysis of variance is significant for the intragroup factor of physical symptoms (time) and between groups. Moreover, the interaction of group effect and time is also significant (F=6.38, df = 4). According to the aforementioned findings, the main hypothesis of the research was confirmed, and reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy were effective in the physical symptoms of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Furthermore, according to the results of the Bonferroni post hoc test in Table 4, physical symptoms in both experimental groups of reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy decreased in the post-test stage compared to those in the pre-test (P<0.01). Nonetheless, the comparison of the two experimental groups demonstrated that the variable scores of physical symptoms in the two experimental groups were not significantly different.
Furthermore, in terms of psychological symptoms, the results in Table 3 indicate that analysis of variance is significant for the intragroup factor of depression (time) and between groups. In addition, the interaction of group effect and time is also significant (F=5.91, df=4). According to the above findings, reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy were effective in depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Moreover, according to the results of the Bonferroni post hoc test in Table 4, depression in both experimental groups of reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy decreased in the post-test stage compared to that in the control group (P<0.01). Nevertheless, the comparison of the two experimental groups illustrated that the variable scores of depression in the two experimental groups were not significantly different.
 

        Table 2. Descriptive characteristics of variables by group and test frequency
Follow-up Post-Test Pre-Test Variable
M SD M SD M SD
Depression
13.73 2.63 11.67 2.41 29.13 6.83   RT
12.87 3.11 10.93 3.37 25.60 9.36   CFT
25.07 6.69 27.40 9.66 30.33 7.49   Control
Anxiety
10.87 2.75 8.93 2.40 28.73 11.11   RT
10.73 2.58 8.87 2.50 25.87 9.39   CFT
22.20 9.77 27.47 10.18 26.13 10.80   Control
Stress
16.53 3.54 14.67 3.33 33.07 6.36   RT
16.33 3.48 14.20 3.36 35.27 7.81   CFT
28.13 6.66 31.80 6.73 33.00 7.11   Control
Physical Symptoms
208.00 60.30 190.47 60.51 275.73 78.45   RT
185.27 60.71 165.13 55.96 268.20 67.56   CFT
284.33 77.89 307.73 77.28 264.33 68.70   Control
         CFT: compassion-focused therapy, RT: Reality therapy
 
Table 3. Analysis of variance with repeated measures to compare pre-test, post-test, and follow-up of symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Observed Power Eta Squared Sig. F Mean Square df Sum of Squares Source Variable
1 0.54 0.0001 49.59 1956.67 2 3913.35 Time Depression
1 0.54 0.0001 5.91 233.27 4 933.10 Time*Group
39.46 84 3314.22 Error
1 0.64 0.0001 36.60 1617.43 2 3234.86 Group
44.19 42 1855.91 Error
1 0.45 0.0001 33.74 2186.76 2 4373.51 time Anxiety
0.997 0.27 0.0001 7.85 508.48 4 2033.91 Time*Group
64.81 84 5443.91 Error
1 0.55 0.0001 25.39 1394.16 2 2788.31 Group
54.90 42 2305.96 Error
1 0.74 0.0001 121.42 2733.89 2 5467.78 time Stress
1 0.49 0.0001 20.39 459.04 4 1836.18 Time*Group
22.52 84 1891.38 Error
1 0.55 0.0001 25.38 1300.29 2 2600.58 Group
51.22 42 2151.42 Error
0.95 0.16 0.001 8.09 31902.49 2 63804.98 time Physical
0.987 0.23 0.0001 6.38 25177.22 4 100708.89 Time*Group Symptoms
3943.49 84 331253.47 Error
0.995 0.38 0.0001 12.94 77364.20 2 154728.40 Group
5977.04 42 251035.87 Error
 
 
In addition, as displayed in Table 3, analysis of variance is significant for the intragroup factor of anxiety (time) and between groups; moreover, the interaction of group effect and time is also significant (F=7.85, df=4).
According to the above findings, reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy were significantly effective in the anxiety of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. In addition, according to the results of the Bonferroni post hoc test in Table 4, anxiety in both experimental groups of reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy decreased in the post-test stage compared to that in the control group (P<0.01). However, the comparison of the two experimental groups showed that the scores of the anxiety variable in the two experimental groups were not significantly different. Finally, the results of Table 3 indicate that the analysis of variance is significant for intragroup stress (time) and intergroup.
However, the interaction of group effect and time is also significant (F=20.39, df=4). According to the above findings, reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy were significantly effective in stress among patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Moreover, according to the results of the Bonferroni post hoc test in Table 4, the stress in both experimental groups of reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy decreased in the post-test stage compared to that in the control group (P<0.01).
Nevertheless, the comparison of the two experimental groups denoted that the variable scores of stress in the two experimental groups were not significantly different from each other.
Table 4. Results of Bonferroni post hoc test for the  symptoms of patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Sig. Mean Difference Group Group Variable
0.69 1.71 CFT RT Depression
0.0001 -9.42 Control RT
0.0001 -11.13 Control CFT
1.00 1.02 CFT RT Anxiety
0.0001 -9.09 Control RT
0.0001 -10.11 Control CFT
1.00 -0.51 CFT RT Stress
0.0001 -9.56 Control RT
0.0001 -9.04 Control CFT
0.79 18.53 CFT RT Physical
0.002 -60.73 Control RT Symptoms
0.0001 -79.27 Control CFT
CFT: compassion-focused therapy, RT: Reality therapy.

Discussion
Irritable bowel syndrome, which is one of the most common and unknown disorders of gastrointestinal function, is associated with such mental disorders as acute depressive disorders, depressive mood, generalized anxiety disorders, panic, and physical disorders, especially self-morbidity [21]. Based on the results in Tables 2 and 4, reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy significantly reduced the mean scores of physical symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, and this decrease continued in the follow-up phase. These findings are consistent with the results of the studies by Seyed Jafari [22] and Naliboff [23]. There was also no significant difference between the effectiveness of reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy.
Furthermore, the assessment of other hypotheses focusing on psychological symptoms, as illustrated in Tables 2 and 4, reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy significantly reduced the mean scores of depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. This decrease continued in the follow-up phase. These findings are in accordance with the results of the studies by Xiao [24], Pashing [25], Khalifeh Soltani [26], and Jalalinia [27]. There was also no significant difference between the effectiveness of reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy. In explaining this finding, it can be stated that people with irritable bowel syndrome may choose depressive behavior, anxiety, stress symptoms, or physical symptoms to satisfy one or more of their basic genetic needs. As Glasser believes, all human beings are born with five genetic needs (the need for survival, love and belonging, power, freedom and fun) and all our behaviors are to meet these needs [20].
In reality therapy, clients are helped to identify their needs and find the best option to meet them. They are then helped to self-evaluate and see if this choice effectively meets their needs. If the answer is no, at this point, they are helped to find and use other options to meet their needs. In this regard, we have three options to stop painful behaviors, such as depression, anxiety, stress, and physical symptoms: Changing wants, changing our actions, or changing both. In the treatment process, it was clear that even when patients had severely chosen such behaviors as depression, anxiety, stress, and even physical symptoms, they were able to make better and more effective choices. In explaining the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, it can be stated that negative emotions are effective when the stimulus system is constantly stimulated. In such situations, the problem is caused by people's exessive attention to themselves, as well as their internal and external threats; therefore, it is not the content of cognition but the repetition of threat-focused thinking that is harmful. As a result, the redistribution of attention is a key element in compassion therapy.
Compassion therapy finds it useful to stimulate the natural regulator of the threat-protection system, the soothing system, satisfaction, and security. Therefore, compassion therapy suggests trying to change the direction of another emotional system to facilitate new processes. In such a context, compassion therapy reduces anxiety, depression, stress, and physical symptoms by freeing people from the shackles of internal stimuli, such as rumination, self-criticism, or anger, and focusing on compassionate insights and feelings. Moreover, it empowers people to compassionately distance themselves from inner emotional storms and observe emotions and thoughts as they occur [14].
Among the notable limitations of the present study, we can refer to the use of prescribed medications by patients with irritable bowel syndrome. It is suggested that the present study be performed with drug control, considering ethical considerations and comparing its effectiveness. Moreover, due to the effectiveness of reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy for the physical symptoms of patients with irritable bowel syndrome, gastroenterologists are recommended to refer such patients to health psychologists. Another practical suggestion is that the Ministry of Health considers the presence of a health psychologist as an essential member of the gastrointestinal treatment team and provides more effective treatment for such patients.

Conclusions
The findings of this study support the efficacy of RT & CFT in depression, anxiety, stress, and physical symptoms in patients with IBS. One of the limitations of the present study was that patients with IBS used medications prescribed by a physician. It is suggested to carry out the present study with drug control and take ethical considerations into account and compare its effectiveness. Moreover, due to the effectiveness of RT & CFT in the physical symptoms of patients with IBS, gastroenterologists are recommended to refer such patients to health psychologists in addition to prescribing medication (using the results of this research) to experience more effective treatment. It is suggested to add a psychologist to the treatment team of patients with digestive problems.

Compliance with ethical guidelines
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences (ethics code: IR.IAU.TMU.REC.1399.237).

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to all those who helped perform this study, particularly the esteemed participants.

Funding/Support
The research has been carried out by personal funding.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References
  1. Piacentino D, Cesarini M, Badiali D, Pallotta N, Biondi M, Corazziari ES. The central role of psychopathology and its association with disease severity in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Rivista di Psichiatria. 2019; 54(2):75-83. [DOI:10.1708/3142.31248] [PMID]
  2.  Ljótsson B, Jones M, Talley NJ, Kjellström L, Agréus L, Andreasson A. Discriminant and convergent validity of the GSRS-IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME  symptom severity measure for irritable bowel syndrome: A population study. United European Gastroenterology Journal. 2020; 8(3):284-92. [DOI:10.1177/2050640619900577] [PMID]
  3.  Ghannadi K, Emami R, Bashashati M, Tarrahi MJ, Attarian S. Irritable Bowel Syndrome: an epidemiological study from the west of Iran. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005; 24(5):225-6. [PMID]
  4.  Midenfjord I, Borg A, Törnblom H, Simrén M. Cumulative effect of psychological alterations on gastrointestinal symptom severity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology. 2021; 116(4):769-79. [DOI:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001038] [PMID]
  5. Ahmed RM, Ali MM, Akram F, Khan MZ, Ghouri RG, Khan MZ. Anxiety, depression and IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME : results from Lahore, Pakistan. Rawal Medical Journal. 2020; 45(2):303-6.
  6. Talley NJ, Owen BK, Boyce P, Paterson K. Psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome: a critique of controlled treatment trials. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996; 91(2):277-83.
  7. Sharf RS. Theories of psychotherapy & counseling: Concepts and cases. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2015.
  8. Glasser, W. Choice Therapy. International Journal of Reality Therapy. 2006; 25:3-45.
  9. Davies N. Psychology, choice theory and the classroom. International Journal of Reality Therapy. 2000; 20(1):47-50.
  10. Hoseini M, Kiyani R. The Effectiveness of Group Reality Therapy on Anxiety Sensitivity Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME ). Quarterly Journal of Health Psychology. 2019; 8(31):7-22. [DOI:10.30473/HPJ.2019.6312]
  11. Farmani F, Taghavi H, Fatemi A, Safavi S. The efficacy of group reality therapy on reducing stress, anxiety and depression in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 2(4):33-8. [DOI:10.22037/ijabs.v2i4.11421]
  12. Gilbert P. Compassion Focused Therapy: Distinctive Features. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis; 2010.
  13. Gilbert P, Leahy RL. The therapeutic relationship in the cognitive behavioral psychotherapies. United Kingdom: Routledge; 2007.
  14. Gilbert P. Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 2009; 15(3):199-208. [DOI:10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264]
  15. Rahmanian M. The effectiveness of compassion therapy on the improvement of psychological disorders (anxiety and depression) and the degree of hope and adherence to the treatment of patients with rheumatism. [Master Thesis]. Arsanjan: Islamic Azad University; 2019.
  16. Zarei F. The effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy in the treatment of depression and glycemic control in patients with type II diabetes. [Master Thesis]. Sanandaj:The University of Kordestan; 2013.
  17. Francis CY, Morris J, Whorwell PJ. The Irritable Bowel severity scoring system: a simple method of monitoring irritable bowel syndrome and its progress. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1997; 11(2):395-402. [DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x]
  18. Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. 2nd ed. Sydney: Psychology Foundation; 1995.
  19. Asghari Moghadam MA, Saed F, Dibajnia P, Zanganeh C. Preliminary evaluation of the validity and reliability of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) in non-clinical samples. Daneshvar Behavior. 2008; 15(31), 38-23.
  20. Glasser W. Choice theory: A new psychology of personal freedom. New York: HarperPerennial; 1999.
  21. Haghayegh, SA, Kalantari M, Moulavi H, Talebi M. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Iranian Psychologists Quarterly. 2008; 4(16):386-77.
  22. Seyyedjafari J. The Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Reducing Stress, Anxiety, Depression and Symptoms of Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Journal of Excellence in Counseling and Psychotherapy. 2019; 8(30):40-52.
  23. Naliboff BD, Smith SR, Serpa JG, Laird KT, Stains J, Connolly LS, et al. Mindfulness‐based stress reduction improves irritable bowel syndrome (IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME ) symptoms via specific aspects of mindfulness. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2020; 32(9):e13828. [DOI:10.1111/nmo.13828] [PMID]
  24. Xiao Y, Zhang X, Luo D, Kuang Y, Zhu W, Chen X, et al. The efficacy of psychological interventions on psoriasis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychology research and behavior management. 2019; 12:97-106. [DOI:10.2147/PRBM.S195181] [PMID]
  25. Pashing S, Khosh Lahjeh Sedgh A. Comparison of effectiveness of acceptance commitment therapy and metacognitive therapy on reducing symptoms, psychological capital and quality of life of patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity-Tehran Medical Branch. 2019; 29(2):181-90. [DOI:10.29252/iau.29.2.181]
  26. Khalifesoltani F, Hajializadeh K, Ahadi H. The Effects of self-compassion therapy on depression, self-care behaviors, and quality of life in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies. 2020; 10:1-10.
  27. Jalaliya V. Evaluation of the effectiveness of reality therapy on reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. [Master Thesis]. Tabriz: Tabriz University; 2016.


 
Article Type: Research Article | Subject: Clinical Psychology
Received: 2021/06/22 | Accepted: 2022/03/5 | Published: 2022/11/14
Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA
Send email to the article author

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY 4.0 | Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb