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Irani S, Akbari B, Abolghasemi A, Bakhshipour Roudsari A. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Behavioral Model-Based Diet Therapy on Emotional Adjustment, Body Image, and Weight Loss among Obese Individuals with Nervous Overweight. Avicenna J Neuro Psycho Physiology 2021; 8 (1) :45-51
URL: http://ajnpp.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-241-en.html
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Behavioral Model-Based Diet Therapy on Emotional Adjustment, Body Image, and Weight Loss among Obese Individuals with Nervous Overweight
Sajjad Irani1 , Bahman Akbari 2, Abass Abolghasemi3 , Abass Bakhshipour Roudsari4
1- Department of Psychology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
2- Department of Psychology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran , : BahmanAkbari44@yahoo.com
3- Department of Psychology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
4- Department of psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Keywords: Body image, Diet therapy, Emotional adjustment, Nervous eating, Schema therapy, Weight loss
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Background
Overeating disorder, first described by Stancard in 1950, is a different pattern of overeating associated with a sense of inability to control overeating without compensatory behaviors, such as cleansing and exercise [1]. This disorder, after being included in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a disorder that needs to be further studied, today is considered as a completely separate disorder in version 5 [2]. Binge eating disorder (BED) is a new diagnosis that has been added to the DSM-5[3].
Although eating disorders may be caused by several factors, such as one's self-concept, perfectionism, interpersonal problems, and emotional disorders, there is considerable evidence that emotion regulation plays an important role in this regard [4]. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the role of emotions and emotion regulation in various types of disorders [5].In this respect, emotional regulation has been targeted as a nuclear process in psychopathology treatment and research. Several studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between the application of specific strategies and such disorders as depression, anxiety disorders, traumatic stress disorder, and eating disorders [6,7].
Emotional dysregulation has been identified as a factor contributing to the development and maintenance of eating disorders [8,9]. Experiences of strong negative emotions and a strong response to such emotions are common in both groups of women with eating disorders and the disorder syndrome ]10-14[.
The theory of avoidance sees eating in patients with eating disorders as an attempt to escape personal awareness [15], and from the point of view of the emotion regulation model, eating is considered to be an attempt to change painful emotional states [16]. Based on the literature review, individuals with BED, compared with non-infected ones, were reported to encounter both an increase in negative experiences and a decrease in the ability to identify and describe their emotional states [17]. In addition, there are widely cited findings of the specific relationship between emotion regulation and BED [18]. Theoretically, eating temporarily decreases the disturbances of negative emotions that threaten the ego [19].
It has been reported that 33% of those with BED relieve bad moods or negative emotions by eating too much. Mental disorder is more severe in such cases compared to 97% of those who do not use overeating to regulate their mood [20].In general, previous theoretical and experimental work has also shown that negative emotions and emotion regulation problems are quite important in the etiology and psychopathology of eating disorders [21]. The results of studies have also indicated that several abnormal emotion regulation strategies, such as rumination, avoidance, and emotional inhibition, are associated with eating disorders [22].
On the other hand, clinically disturbed body image is a broadly central aspect of eating disorders [23]. Recent research has shown that treatments targeting physical flexibility and body image can significantly reduce eating disorders in affected individuals [24,25]. Given the prominent role of various aspects of impaired body image in neuropsychiatric anorexia and BEDs, it can be hypothesized that impaired body image may be considered part of the BED disorder semiology[26].In addition, the improvement of body image may be considered a goal for the therapeutic processes[27]. Several studies have investigated the effect of impaired body image in BED. The findings of a study performed by Lever et al.[28]revealed that impaired body image in BED, especially in higher body weights, occurs beyond the normal range leading to physical dissatisfaction. Littleton et al. [29]reported that there is a significant relationship between body mass index (BMI) and dissatisfaction with body image; therefore, an increase in BMI results in a decrease in body image satisfaction [30-32].
Schema therapy is an innovative, integrative therapeutic approach developed by Yang et al.[33].Several studies have shown that people with eating disorders receive a higher score on the scale of maladaptive schemas. [34] Overeating disorder behavior has a positive relationship with release schemes, loss or illness, dependency/inadequacy, emotional inhibition, emotional deprivation, defect and shame, failure to progress, ineffective control center, mistrust/distrust social isolation.
Although the findings of various studies have indicated the beneficial effects of schema therapy in a wide range of disorders and the increase of schema therapy application, expanding the use of this therapy requires a sufficient evaluation of its effectiveness.
 
Objectives
This study aimed to compare the psychological interventions of schema therapy and behavioral model-based regimen on emotional adjustment, body image, and weight loss among obese individuals with nervous overeating.
 
Materials and Methods
This quasi-experimental study was carried out on females with eating disorders referring to nutrition clinics in Rasht, Iran,within2017-18. The statistical population of this study consisted of five cases selected by the available sampling method. Inclusion criteria included were 1)aging 25-45 years, 2) having BMI above 25, 3) having higher education, 4)lacking other severe psychiatric disorders, 5) lacking chronic physical disorder,6) lacking pregnancy, 7) lacking recent severe stressors during the last6 months (such as divorce), and8) lacking a history of such diseases as thyroid, diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, as well as non-consumption of psychotropic drugs or drugs affecting weight.
Subsequently, each subject was evaluated by two psychologists based on DSM-5 and clinical interview, and eventually, 30individuals were selected as obese individuals with BED. The cases were then randomly assigned into three groups. Subjects in the second group received a low-calorie behavioral diet with weight control and a diet for 14days for 3months to control and manage nutrition and weight loss. In addition, the subjects were asked to adjust their physical activity plan according to the dietician's opinion and not to alter it during the study.
At the next stage, a pre-test was performed in all groups, the intervention was implemented in experimental groups (i.e., schema therapy and behavioral therapy regimen), and a post-test was performed. The follow-up procedure was completed after 2 months. For the first group, a 10-session treatment plan, based on Protocols for Eating Disorders, was provided in 1.5-hour sessions once a week.
This research was derived from the doctoral dissertation of general psychology submitted to the Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, registered with the ethical code of IR.IAU.RASHT.REC.
1399.013. The researchers appreciate all the patients who did not give up in the face of the disease.
 
Research tools
Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short Form Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
This 18-item questionnaire, developed by Garnefsky and Craig, has a multidimensional structure and is used to identify cognitive coping strategies after a traumatic experience. This instrument is applicable in normal and clinical groups of 12 years and over. The developers of this questionnaire calculated its validity using the Cronbach alpha coefficient method and obtained 0.93, 0.87, and 0.91 for the total questionnaire, negative strategies, and positive strategies, respectively. The results of research conducted by Hosni showed that the Persian version of the short form of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) is validated. In this respect, the obtained Cronbach alpha coefficients (ranging from 0.68-0.86) showed that 9 subscales of the mentioned questionnaire have good validity [35].
 
Body Image Concern Inventory
This questionnaire, developed by Littleton et al. [36], was evaluated in Iran [37]. The researchers confirmed the reliability of this tool using the Cronbach alpha coefficient (α=0.93) and its validity through the Obsessive Compulsive Scale (0.63)and Eating Disorders Scale (0.40). This instrument was validated in Iran using internal consistency and test-retest methods[37]rendering for0.69 and 0.76, respectively (P<0.001). Moreover, a significant relationship was found between this questionnaire and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory(0.61).
 
Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form
This 75-item questionnaire, developed by Yang [38],
measures early maladaptive schemas with 15 subscales. All items are related to a schema and the average score for each of the five items is calculated to obtain a schema score. This tool has been reported to have good face validity [37] and numerous studies have shown its efficacy in separating patients based on early maladaptive schemas [38].
 
Body Mass Index
This value is calculated by dividing the weight (in kg) by the square of the height (in meters). Each subject's weight was measured using a digital scale with a sensitivity of 100 g and his/her height was measured with a non-dilatable tape meter to 0.5 cm accuracy.
 
Results
Based on the results of demographic data, the mean ages of patients in the schema therapy, behavioral therapy, and control groups were calculated at31.4, 34.8, and 30.3 years, respectively. It was found that 37%,46%, and 17% of the participants were respectively employed, housewives, and unemployed. All participants in all three groups were female.
The participants in the study (n=30)were divided into three groups of 10 cases. The schema therapy group consisted of four and six subjects with less than bachelor's and bachelor's degrees, respectively. In the behavioral therapy group,1, 4, and 5cases held a bachelor's, less than a bachelor's, and higher than a bachelor's degree, respectively. Regarding the education level of participants in the control group, Table 2  presents the descriptive information of the research variables in the three groups. Since pre-test scores are controlled, only post-test scores are included in this table. (Table 1).
To investigate the assumptions of using parametric analyzes, initially, the normality of the data was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
Based on the results of Table 2, the normality of the research variables in both pre-test and post-test was obtained more than 0.05, indicating that the data
 
Table 1. Research variable descriptive information
Behavioral therapy Control Schema therapy   Variable
Standard deviation Average Standard deviation Average Standard deviation Average Level
4.315 61.800 5.384 52.100 7.593 49.900 Post-test Adjust the excitement
9.603 66.000 10.556 53.900 10.834 50.500 Post-test Body image
 
Table 2. Results of data Normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
Variable Average Standard deviation Significance level
Emotional adjustment pre-test 62.800 5.973 0.200
Post-emotional adjustment test 54.600 7.766 0.200
Body image pre-test 72.333 10.512 0.200
Post- body image test 56.800 12.058 0.200
 
Table 3. Matrix equality analysis of variances using box's test
Box's test F Df1 Df2 Significance level
4.484 0.667 6 18168.923 0.676
 
were normal. Box's test was used to check the variance matrix (Table 3).
The data in Table 3showed that the significance
Table 4. Analysis of multivariate covariance analysis
Source Dependent variable Sum of the squares Degrees of freedom Mean square F Significance level
Pre-test Adjust the excitement 811.623 2 405.812 19/066 0.001
  Body image 1369.339 2 698.170 7/273 0.003
Error Adjust the excitement 532.108 25 21.284    
  Body image 2399.9622 25 95.998    
 
Table 5. Comparison of schema therapy and behavioral diet therapy using latest significant difference follow-up test for dependent variables
Significance level Average changes Second group First group Significance level
0.573 -1.185 Behavioral therapy Schema therapy Adjust the excitement
0.001 -11.784 Control Schema therapy
0.001 -10.562 Control Behavioral therapy
0.611 -2.271 Behavioral therapy Schema therapy Body image
0.002 -15.690 Control Schema therapy
0.006 -13.418 Control Behavioral Therapy
 
level in the Box's test was greater than 0.05 and the subsequent assumption of parametric analysis was followed.
According to Table 4, both schema therapy and behavioral regimen were effective on the variables of emotion regulation and body image. The latest significant difference follow-up test was used to compare the efficacy of these two treatments (Table 5).
The findings of Table 8 indicatethat during the follow-up period, both treatments were stable on the variables of adjusting to the excitement and body image. Table 9 compares the two treatments using Scheffe's post hoc test. (Table 6).
The findings of Table 7 show that there is no significant difference between the two groups in the follow-up period regarding the effectiveness of schema therapy and behavioral regimen.
 
Table 6. Multivariate analysis of covariance for the research scales
Sig F Mean square Sum of squares Dependent variables Source
0.002 9.773 13.204 26408 Self-blame Pre-test
0.174 1.952 3.338 6.675 Reception  
0.001 11.117 24.321 48.682 Rumination  
0.031 4.355 4.835 9.707 Positive refocus  
0.761 0.278 0.607 1.214 Focus on planning  
0.171 1.980 2.152 4.303 Positive reassessment  
0.160 2.057 3.420 6.840 Viewpoints  
0.001 843.12 15.108 30.261 Catastrophe  
0.001 345.16 32.232 64.531 Blame others  
0.025 674.4 193.881 387.762 Embarrassed by one'sappearance  
0.019 145.5 109.615 219.231 Interference with performance concerns  
 
Table 7. Analysis of variance with mean differential scores for the follow-up period
Significance level F Mean square Degrees of freedom Sum of squares    
0.001 17.520 032.432 2 067.487 Between groups Emotion regulation
    659.24 27 800.665 Within groups
0.001 8.767 433.705 2 867.1410 Between groups Body image
    463.80 27 500.2172 Within groups
 
Table 8. Comparison of two treatments during follow-up using Scheffe's post hoc test
Significance level Average changes Second group First group Variable
0.773 -1.600 Behavioral therapy Schema therapy  
0.001 -12.100 Control Schema therapy Emotion regulation
0.001 -10.500 Control Behavioral therapy  
0.628 -3.900 Behavioral therapy Schema therapy  
0.002 -16.100 Control Schema therapy Body image
0.019 -12.200 Control Behavioral therapy  
Discussion
The results showed that both interventions resulted in reduced emotional eating and weight loss in obese individuals, the behavioral model-based intervention was more effective in this regard. Moreover, regimens based on the behavioral model and emotion regulation method led to maintaining appropriate weight in obese individuals in the long run.
Few similar studies have been conducted in this domain, making it difficult to compare the results of the present study with those of other ones. However, the findings of the present study are indirectly consistent with those of studies that have used schema therapy to improve and cure the psychological symptoms of eating disorders. The results of this study were indicative of the effectiveness of schema therapy in emotion regulation and body image among people with an eating disorder. These findings are in line with the findings of studies conducted by George et al. [36], Calvert et al. [14], Strachen and Kash[37], Sadeghi et al.[12], Zare Bahram Abadi and Pondehnejad[39].
Follow-up studies have reported that the individuals undergoing behavioral therapy showed no significant difference with those in the control group in the subscales of self-blame and disaster treatment. Nevertheless, this difference was significant among those receiving treatment with schema therapy; that is to say, schema therapy was effective on these subscales, compared to the behavioral therapy regimen which could not affect them. In general, the mean changes in the schema therapy group were also higher than those for the behavioral therapy group.
The schema therapy was influential on emotional regulation and body image among patients with overeating disorder considering the etiology of the disorder. According to the theory of escape, eating in such patients is an attempt to escape from individual consciousness. In the emotion regulation model, eating is considered an attempt to change painful emotional situations, and the clinical nature of a disturbed body image is broadly a central aspect of eating disorders. Regarding these, schema therapy helps the patient in the treatment process by questioning the schemas, creating a healthy voice in his mind, and consequently, empowering his healthy mind. This therapeutic approach helps patients assess the correctness of their schemas, coping styles, and strategies. As a result of applying this approach, patients view schema and coping strategies as an external truth that they can use to combat objective and empirical evidence. One of the reasons for the success of schema therapy is to target these infrastructural structures using cognitive techniques. Behavioral techniques help clients replace healthier coping styles with behavioral patterns.
To conclude that schema therapy is the ultimate treatment for patients with eating disorders needs more research to be performed, although the results show that this treatment is effective. Nonetheless, what is somewhat clear is that schema therapy is effective because of the nature of the treatment on some of the key components associated with eating disorders, such as emotion regulation. What has been found in the present study is that in BED any intervention that can lead to individual awareness of his/her insight into overeating as a way of increasing the ability to identify and describe emotional states can lead to emotion regulation and reduction and behavioral eating behaviors, especially carbohydrate overeating. In the present study, although both dietary and schema therapy methods affected emotion regulation in patients with this disorder, compared to the control group, there were two differences in the two scales of emotion regulation. According to the escape theory suggesting that BED is an attempt to escape individual consciousness, interfering with emotion regulation can lead to changes in one's self-awareness and increased awareness of impulsive binge eating behavior.
 
Conclusions
Based on the results, it is recommended to use both schema therapy and behavioral therapy in the treatment and reduction of the symptoms of the BED. However, future research can be performed to investigate other third wave psychotherapies, such as acceptance and commitment, to reduce stress. It is also suggested that mindfulness be applied in the treatment of eating disorders, especially BED.
 
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This article was derived from the doctoral dissertation of the first author submitted to the Islamic Azad University of Rasht, which was conducted under the guidance of the responsible author.
 
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to appreciate all participants, who greatly cooperated with us in the research.
 
AuthorsŹ¼ contributions
All authors contributed equally in preparing all parts of the research.
 
Funding/Support
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
 
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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Article Type: Research Article | Subject: Clinical Psychology
Received: 2020/03/7 | Accepted: 2020/07/17 | Published: 2021/02/2
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