en Learning and Memory, Dementia, Alzheimer مروری Review Article <span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="line-height:200%">Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, yet its diagnosis has historically relied on clinical symptoms that often appear only after substantial neuronal damage has occurred. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in identifying reliable biomarkers that reflect the underlying pathological processes of AD, including amyloid deposition, tau pathology, and neurodegeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of established and emerging biomarkers, including cerebrospinal fluid and blood-based markers, neuroimaging techniques, and genetic indicators. Special attention is given to transformative, minimally invasive options, such as plasma phosphorylated tau at threonine 217 (p-tau217) and exosome-derived molecules. We explore their clinical performance, integration into current diagnostic guidelines, and ongoing challenges related to assay standardization across analytical platforms, accessibility, and clinical implementation, as well as the promise of multimodal and digital approaches. By bridging validated tools with cutting-edge innovations, this article aims to support researchers and clinicians in achieving more precise, scalable, and equitable diagnosis and monitoring of AD, particularly as disease-modifying therapies become more widely available.</span></span></span><br> &nbsp; Alzheimer's disease (AD), Amyloid, Biomarkers, Blood-based biomarkers, Cerebrospinal fluid, Exosomes, National Institute on Aging–alzheimer's association criteria, Phosphorylated tau217, Positron emission tomography, Tau 0 0 http://ajnpp.umsha.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2666-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Monireh-Sadat Miri m.miri4578@iau.ac.ir 10031947532846009247 10031947532846009247 No Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Sara Taleahmad s.taleahmad@gmail.com 10031947532846009248 10031947532846009248 Yes Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. Hengameh Alibeik h_alibeik@iau-tnb.ac.ir 10031947532846009249 10031947532846009249 No Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Golnaz Bahramali Gbahramali@gmail.com 10031947532846009250 10031947532846009250 No Department of Hepatitis and AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran.